Encoder, decoder, encoding method, and decoding method

ABSTRACT

An encoder capable of properly handling an image to be encoded or decoded includes processing circuitry and memory connected to the processing circuitry. Using the memory, the processing circuitry: obtains parameters including at least one of (i) one or more parameters related to a first process for correcting distortion in an image captured with a wide angle lens and (ii) one or more parameters related to a second process for stitching a plurality of images; generates an encoded image by encoding a current image to be processed that is based on the image or the plurality of images; and writes the parameters into a bitstream including the encoded image.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a U.S. continuation application of PCT InternationalPatent Application Number PCT/JP2017/019113 filed on May 23, 2017,claiming the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 62/342,517 filed on May 27, 2016, the entire contents of which arehereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to a device and method for encoding animage and a device and method for decoding an encoded image.

2. Description of the Related Art

Currently, the HEVC standard for image encoding is in policy (e.g., seeH.265 (ISO/IEC 23008-2 HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding))). However,the transmission and storage of next-generation video (e.g., 360-degreevideo) demand coding efficiency that exceed current coding capabilities.Some research and experiments relating to compressing images and videoscaptured using a wide angle lens such as a non rectilinear lens havebeen conducted in the past. The techniques that are typically used inthe research and experiments are image processing techniques tomanipulate image samples to remove barrel distortion, to producerectilinear images prior to the encoding of the current image.Accordingly, generally, image processing techniques are used.

SUMMARY

However, with conventional encoders and decoders, there is a problemthat an image to be encoded or decoded cannot be properly handled.

In view of the above, the present disclosure provides, for example, anencoder capable of properly handling an image to be encoded or decoded.

An encoder according to one aspect of the present disclosure includesprocessing circuitry and memory connected to the processing circuitry.Using the memory, the processing circuitry: obtains parameters includingat least one of (i) one or more parameters related to a first processfor correcting distortion in an image captured with a wide angle lensand (ii) one or more parameters related to a second process forstitching a plurality of images; generates an encoded image by encodinga current image to be processed that is based on the image or theplurality of images; and writes the parameters into a bitstreamincluding the encoded image.

General and specific aspect(s) disclosed above may be implemented usinga system, a method, an integrated circuit, a computer program, or acomputer-readable recording medium such as a CD-ROM, or any combinationof systems, methods, integrated circuits, computer programs, orcomputer-readable recording media.

The encoder according to the present disclosure is capable of properlyhandling an image to be encoded or decoded.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

These and other objects, advantages and features of the disclosure willbecome apparent from the following description thereof taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings that illustrate a specificembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a functional configuration of theencoding device according to Embodiment 1;

FIG. 2 illustrates one example of block splitting according toEmbodiment 1;

FIG. 3 is a chart indicating transform basis functions for eachtransform type;

FIG. 4A illustrates one example of a filter shape used in ALF;

FIG. 4B illustrates another example of a filter shape used in ALF;

FIG. 4C illustrates another example of a filter shape used in ALF;

FIG. 5 illustrates 67 intra prediction modes used in intra prediction;

FIG. 6 is for illustrating pattern matching (bilateral matching) betweentwo blocks along a motion trajectory.

FIG. 7 is for illustrating pattern matching (template matching) betweena template in the current picture and a block in a reference picture.

FIG. 8 is for illustrating a model assuming uniform linear motion.

FIG. 9 is for illustrating deriving a motion vector of each sub-blockbased on motion vectors of neighboring blocks.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating a functional configuration ofthe decoding device according to Embodiment 1;

FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating one example of a video encodingprocess according to Embodiment 2;

FIG. 12 illustrates possible locations that headers can be written intoa bitstream according to Embodiment 2;

FIG. 13 illustrates a captured image and an image correction processedimage according to embodiment 2;

FIG. 14 illustrates a stitched image generated by stitching togetherimages via a stitching process according to Embodiment 2;

FIG. 15 illustrates the arrangement of cameras and a stitched image,including an empty region, generated by stitching images captured by thecameras together, according to Embodiment 2;

FIG. 16 is a flow chart illustrating an inter prediction process ormotion compensation according to Embodiment 2;

FIG. 17 illustrates one example of barrel distortion generated by a nonrectilinear lens or fisheye lens, according to Embodiment 2;

FIG. 18 is a flow chart illustrating a variation of an inter predictionprocess or motion compensation according to Embodiment 2;

FIG. 19 is a flow chart illustrating a picture reconstruction processaccording to Embodiment 2;

FIG. 20 is a flow chart illustrating a variation of a picturereconstruction process according to Embodiment 2;

FIG. 21 illustrates one example of a partial encoding process or partialdecoding process performed on a stitched image, according to Embodiment2;

FIG. 22 illustrates another example of a partial encoding process orpartial decoding process performed on a stitched image, according toEmbodiment 2;

FIG. 23 is a block diagram of an encoder according to Embodiment 2;

FIG. 24 is a flow chart illustrating one example of a video decodingprocess according to Embodiment 2;

FIG. 25 is a block diagram of a decoder according to Embodiment 2;

FIG. 26 is a flow chart illustrating one example of a video encodingprocess according to Embodiment 3;

FIG. 27 is a flow chart illustrating one example of a stitching processaccording to Embodiment 3;

FIG. 28 is a block diagram of an encoder according to Embodiment 3;

FIG. 29 is a flow chart illustrating one example of a video decodingprocess according to Embodiment 3;

FIG. 30 is a block diagram of a decoder according to Embodiment 3;

FIG. 31 is a flow chart illustrating one example of a video encodingprocess according to Embodiment 4;

FIG. 32 is a flow chart illustrating an intra prediction processaccording to Embodiment 4;

FIG. 33 is a flow chart illustrating a motion vector prediction processaccording to Embodiment 4;

FIG. 34 is a block diagram of an encoder according to Embodiment 4;

FIG. 35 is a flow chart illustrating one example of a video decodingprocess according to Embodiment 4;

FIG. 36 is a block diagram of a decoder according to Embodiment 4;

FIG. 37 is a block diagram of an encoder according to one aspect of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 38 is a block diagram of a decoder according to one aspect of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 39 illustrates an overall configuration of a content providingsystem for implementing a content distribution service;

FIG. 40 illustrates one example of encoding structure in scalableencoding;

FIG. 41 illustrates one example of encoding structure in scalableencoding;

FIG. 42 illustrates an example of a display screen of a web page.

FIG. 43 illustrates an example of a display screen of a web page;

FIG. 44 illustrates one example of a smartphone; and

FIG. 45 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example of asmartphone.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Hereinafter, embodiments will be described in detail with reference tothe drawings.

Each embodiment described below shows a general or specific example. Thenumerical values, shapes, materials, components, the arrangement andconnection of the components, steps, the processing order of the stepsetc. shown in the following embodiments are mere examples, and thereforedo not limit the scope of the Claims. Therefore, among the components inthe following embodiments, those not recited in any one of theindependent claims defining the broadest concept of the presentdisclosure are described as optional components.

Embodiment 1

[Encoding Device Outline]

First, the encoding device according to Embodiment 1 will be outlined.FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a functional configuration ofencoding device 100 according to Embodiment 1. Encoding device 100 is amoving picture/picture encoding device that encodes a movingpicture/picture block by block.

As illustrated in FIG. 1 , encoding device 100 is a device that encodesa picture block by block, and includes splitter 102, subtractor 104,transformer 106, quantizer 108, entropy encoder 110, inverse quantizer112, inverse transformer 114, adder 116, block memory 118, loop filter120, frame memory 122, intra predictor 124, inter predictor 126, andprediction controller 128.

Encoding device 100 is realized as, for example, a generic processor andmemory. In this case, when a software program stored in the memory isexecuted by the processor, the processor functions as splitter 102,subtractor 104, transformer 106, quantizer 108, entropy encoder 110,inverse quantizer 112, inverse transformer 114, adder 116, loop filter120, intra predictor 124, inter predictor 126, and prediction controller128. Alternatively, encoding device 100 may be realized as one or morededicated electronic circuits corresponding to splitter 102, subtractor104, transformer 106, quantizer 108, entropy encoder 110, inversequantizer 112, inverse transformer 114, adder 116, loop filter 120,intra predictor 124, inter predictor 126, and prediction controller 128.

Hereinafter, each component included in encoding device 100 will bedescribed.

[Splitter]

Splitter 102 splits each picture included in an input moving pictureinto blocks, and outputs each block to subtractor 104. For example,splitter 102 first splits a picture into blocks of a fixed size (forexample, 128×128). The fixed size block is also referred to as codingtree unit (CTU). Splitter 102 then splits each fixed size block intoblocks of variable sizes (for example, 64×64 or smaller), based onrecursive quadtree and/or binary tree block splitting. The variable sizeblock is also referred to as a coding unit (CU), a prediction unit (PU),or a transform unit (TU). Note that in this embodiment, there is no needto differentiate between CU, PU, and TU; all or some of the blocks in apicture may be processed per CU, PU, or TU.

FIG. 2 illustrates one example of block splitting according toEmbodiment 1. In FIG. 2 , the solid lines represent block boundaries ofblocks split by quadtree block splitting, and the dashed lines representblock boundaries of blocks split by binary tree block splitting.

Here, block 10 is a square 128×128 pixel block (128×128 block). This128×128 block 10 is first split into four square 64×64 blocks (quadtreeblock splitting).

The top left 64×64 block is further vertically split into two rectangle32×64 blocks, and the left 32×64 block is further vertically split intotwo rectangle 16×64 blocks (binary tree block splitting). As a result,the top left 64×64 block is split into two 16×64 blocks 11 and 12 andone 32×64 block 13.

The top right 64×64 block is horizontally split into two rectangle 64×32blocks 14 and 15 (binary tree block splitting).

The bottom left 64×64 block is first split into four square 32×32 blocks(quadtree block splitting). The top left block and the bottom rightblock among the four 32×32 blocks are further split. The top left 32×32block is vertically split into two rectangle 16×32 blocks, and the right16×32 block is further horizontally split into two 16×16 blocks (binarytree block splitting). The bottom right 32×32 block is horizontallysplit into two 32×16 blocks (binary tree block splitting). As a result,the bottom left 64×64 block is split into 16×32 block 16, two 16×16blocks 17 and 18, two 32×32 blocks 19 and 20, and two 32×16 blocks 21and 22.

The bottom right 64×64 block 23 is not split.

As described above, in FIG. 2 , block 10 is split into 13 variable sizeblocks 11 through 23 based on recursive quadtree and binary tree blocksplitting. This type of splitting is also referred to as quadtree plusbinary tree (QTBT) splitting.

Note that in FIG. 2 , one block is split into four or two blocks(quadtree or binary tree block splitting), but splitting is not limitedto this example. For example, one block may be split into three blocks(ternary block splitting). Splitting including such ternary blocksplitting is also referred to as multi-type tree (MBT) splitting.

[Subtractor]

Subtractor 104 subtracts a prediction signal (prediction sample) from anoriginal signal (original sample) per block split by splitter 102. Inother words, subtractor 104 calculates prediction errors (also referredto as residuals) of a block to be encoded (hereinafter referred to as acurrent block). Subtractor 104 then outputs the calculated predictionerrors to transformer 106.

The original signal is a signal input into encoding device 100, and is asignal representing an image for each picture included in a movingpicture (for example, a luma signal and two chroma signals).Hereinafter, a signal representing an image is also referred to as asample.

[Transformer]

Transformer 106 transforms spatial domain prediction errors intofrequency domain transform coefficients, and outputs the transformcoefficients to quantizer 108. More specifically, transformer 106applies, for example, a predefined discrete cosine transform (DCT) ordiscrete sine transform (DST) to spatial domain prediction errors.

Note that transformer 106 may adaptively select a transform type fromamong a plurality of transform types, and transform prediction errorsinto transform coefficients by using a transform basis functioncorresponding to the selected transform type. This sort of transform isalso referred to as explicit multiple core transform (EMT) or adaptivemultiple transform (AMT).

The transform types include, for example, DCT-II, DCT-V, DCT-VIII,DST-I, and DST-VII. FIG. 3 is a chart indicating transform basisfunctions for each transform type. In FIG. 3 , N indicates the number ofinput pixels. For example, selection of a transform type from among theplurality of transform types may depend on the prediction type (intraprediction and inter prediction), and may depend on intra predictionmode.

Information indicating whether to apply such EMT or AMT (referred to as,for example, an AMT flag) and information indicating the selectedtransform type is signalled at the CU level. Note that the signaling ofsuch information need not be performed at the CU level, and may beperformed at another level (for example, at the sequence level, picturelevel, slice level, tile level, or CTU level).

Moreover, transformer 106 may apply a secondary transform to thetransform coefficients (transform result). Such a secondary transform isalso referred to as adaptive secondary transform (AST) or non-separablesecondary transform (NSST). For example, transformer 106 applies asecondary transform to each sub-block (for example, each 4×4 sub-block)included in the block of the transform coefficients corresponding to theintra prediction errors. Information indicating whether to apply NSSTand information related to the transform matrix used in NSST aresignalled at the CU level. Note that the signaling of such informationneed not be performed at the CU level, and may be performed at anotherlevel (for example, at the sequence level, picture level, slice level,tile level, or CTU level).

[Quantizer]

Quantizer 108 quantizes the transform coefficients output fromtransformer 106. More specifically, quantizer 108 scans, in apredetermined scanning order, the transform coefficients of the currentblock, and quantizes the scanned transform coefficients based onquantization parameters (QP) corresponding to the transformcoefficients. Quantizer 108 then outputs the quantized transformcoefficients (hereinafter referred to as quantized coefficients) of thecurrent block to entropy encoder 110 and inverse quantizer 112.

A predetermined order is an order for quantizing/inverse quantizingtransform coefficients. For example, a predetermined scanning order isdefined as ascending order of frequency (from low to high frequency) ordescending order of frequency (from high to low frequency).

A quantization parameter is a parameter defining a quantization stepsize (quantization width). For example, if the value of the quantizationparameter increases, the quantization step size also increases. In otherwords, if the value of the quantization parameter increases, thequantization error increases.

[Entropy Encoder]

Entropy encoder 110 generates an encoded signal (encoded bitstream) byvariable length encoding quantized coefficients, which are inputs fromquantizer 108. More specifically, entropy encoder 110, for example,binarizes quantized coefficients and arithmetic encodes the binarysignal.

[Inverse Quantizer]

Inverse quantizer 112 inverse quantizes quantized coefficients, whichare inputs from quantizer 108. More specifically, inverse quantizer 112inverse quantizes, in a predetermined scanning order, quantizedcoefficients of the current block. Inverse quantizer 112 then outputsthe inverse quantized transform coefficients of the current block toinverse transformer 114.

[Inverse Transformer]

Inverse transformer 114 restores prediction errors by inversetransforming transform coefficients, which are inputs from inversequantizer 112. More specifically, inverse transformer 114 restores theprediction errors of the current block by applying an inverse transformcorresponding to the transform applied by transformer 106 on thetransform coefficients. Inverse transformer 114 then outputs therestored prediction errors to adder 116.

Note that since information is lost in quantization, the restoredprediction errors do not match the prediction errors calculated bysubtractor 104. In other words, the restored prediction errors includequantization errors.

[Adder]

Adder 116 reconstructs the current block by summing prediction errors,which are inputs from inverse transformer 114, and prediction signals,which are inputs from prediction controller 128. Adder 116 then outputsthe reconstructed block to block memory 118 and loop filter 120. Areconstructed block is also referred to as a local decoded block.

[Block Memory]

Block memory 118 is storage for storing blocks in a picture to beencoded (hereinafter referred to as a current picture) for reference inintra prediction. More specifically, block memory 118 storesreconstructed blocks output from adder 116.

[Loop Filter]

Loop filter 120 applies a loop filter to blocks reconstructed by adder116, and outputs the filtered reconstructed blocks to frame memory 122.A loop filter is a filter used in an encoding loop (in-loop filter), andincludes, for example, a deblocking filter (DF), a sample adaptiveoffset (SAO), and an adaptive loop filter (ALF).

In ALF, a least square error filter for removing compression artifactsis applied. For example, one filter from among a plurality of filters isselected for each 2×2 sub-block in the current block based on directionand activity of local gradients, and is applied.

More specifically, first, each sub-block (for example, each 2×2sub-block) is categorized into one out of a plurality of classes (forexample, 15 or 25 classes). The classification of the sub-block is basedon gradient directionality and activity. For example, classificationindex C is derived based on gradient directionality D (for example, 0 to2 or 0 to 4) and gradient activity A (for example, 0 to 4) (for example,C=5D+A). Then, based on classification index C, each sub-block iscategorized into one out of a plurality of classes (for example, 15 or25 classes).

For example, gradient directionality D is calculated by comparinggradients of a plurality of directions (for example, the horizontal,vertical, and two diagonal directions). Moreover, for example, gradientactivity A is calculated by summing gradients of a plurality ofdirections and quantizing the sum.

The filter to be used for each sub-block is determined from among theplurality of filters based on the result of such categorization.

The filter shape to be used in ALF is, for example, a circular symmetricfilter shape. FIG. 4A through FIG. 4C illustrate examples of filtershapes used in ALF. FIG. 4A illustrates a 5×5 diamond shape filter, FIG.4B illustrates a 7×7 diamond shape filter, and FIG. 4C illustrates a 9×9diamond shape filter. Information indicating the filter shape issignalled at the picture level. Note that the signaling of informationindicating the filter shape need not be performed at the picture level,and may be performed at another level (for example, at the sequencelevel, slice level, tile level, CTU level, or CU level).

The enabling or disabling of ALF is determined at the picture level orCU level. For example, for luma, the decision to apply ALF or not isdone at the CU level, and for chroma, the decision to apply ALF or notis done at the picture level. Information indicating whether ALF isenabled or disabled is signalled at the picture level or CU level. Notethat the signaling of information indicating whether ALF is enabled ordisabled need not be performed at the picture level or CU level, and maybe performed at another level (for example, at the sequence level, slicelevel, tile level, or CTU level).

The coefficients set for the plurality of selectable filters (forexample, 15 or 25 filters) is signalled at the picture level. Note thatthe signaling of the coefficients set need not be performed at thepicture level, and may be performed at another level (for example, atthe sequence level, slice level, tile level, CTU level, CU level, orsub-block level).

[Frame Memory]

Frame memory 122 is storage for storing reference pictures used in interprediction, and is also referred to as a frame buffer. Morespecifically, frame memory 122 stores reconstructed blocks filtered byloop filter 120.

[Intra Predictor]

Intra predictor 124 generates a prediction signal (intra predictionsignal) by intra predicting the current block with reference to a blockor blocks in the current picture and stored in block memory 118 (alsoreferred to as intra frame prediction). More specifically, intrapredictor 124 generates an intra prediction signal by intra predictionwith reference to samples (for example, luma and/or chroma values) of ablock or blocks neighboring the current block, and then outputs theintra prediction signal to prediction controller 128.

For example, intra predictor 124 performs intra prediction by using onemode from among a plurality of predefined intra prediction modes. Theintra prediction modes include one or more non-directional predictionmodes and a plurality of directional prediction modes.

The one or more non-directional prediction modes include, for example,planar prediction mode and DC prediction mode defined in theH.265/high-efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard (see NPTL 1).

The plurality of directional prediction modes include, for example, the33 directional prediction modes defined in the H.265/HEVC standard. Notethat the plurality of directional prediction modes may further include32 directional prediction modes in addition to the 33 directionalprediction modes (for a total of 65 directional prediction modes). FIG.5 illustrates 67 intra prediction modes used in intra prediction (twonon-directional prediction modes and 65 directional prediction modes).The solid arrows represent the 33 directions defined in the H.265/HEVCstandard, and the dashed arrows represent the additional 32 directions.

Note that a luma block may be referenced in chroma block intraprediction. In other words, a chroma component of the current block maybe predicted based on a luma component of the current block. Such intraprediction is also referred to as cross-component linear model (CCLM)prediction. Such a chroma block intra prediction mode that references aluma block (referred to as, for example, CCLM mode) may be added as oneof the chroma block intra prediction modes.

Intra predictor 124 may correct post-intra-prediction pixel values basedon horizontal/vertical reference pixel gradients. Intra predictionaccompanied by this sort of correcting is also referred to as positiondependent intra prediction combination (PDPC). Information indicatingwhether to apply PDPC or not (referred to as, for example, a PDPC flag)is, for example, signalled at the CU level. Note that the signaling ofthis information need not be performed at the CU level, and may beperformed at another level (for example, on the sequence level, picturelevel, slice level, tile level, or CTU level).

[Inter Predictor]

Inter predictor 126 generates a prediction signal (inter predictionsignal) by inter predicting the current block with reference to a blockor blocks in a reference picture, which is different from the currentpicture and is stored in frame memory 122 (also referred to as interframe prediction). Inter prediction is performed per current block orper sub-block (for example, per 4×4 block) in the current block. Forexample, inter predictor 126 performs motion estimation in a referencepicture for the current block or sub-block. Inter predictor 126 thengenerates an inter prediction signal of the current block or sub-blockby motion compensation by using motion information (for example, amotion vector) obtained from motion estimation. Inter predictor 126 thenoutputs the generated inter prediction signal to prediction controller128.

The motion information used in motion compensation is signalled. Amotion vector predictor may be used for the signaling of the motionvector. In other words, the difference between the motion vector and themotion vector predictor may be signalled.

Note that the inter prediction signal may be generated using motioninformation for a neighboring block in addition to motion informationfor the current block obtained from motion estimation. Morespecifically, the inter prediction signal may be generated per sub-blockin the current block by calculating a weighted sum of a predictionsignal based on motion information obtained from motion estimation and aprediction signal based on motion information for a neighboring block.Such inter prediction (motion compensation) is also referred to asoverlapped block motion compensation (OBMC).

In such an OBMC mode, information indicating sub-block size for OBMC(referred to as, for example, OBMC block size) is signalled at thesequence level. Moreover, information indicating whether to apply theOBMC mode or not (referred to as, for example, an OBMC flag) issignalled at the CU level. Note that the signaling of such informationneed not be performed at the sequence level and CU level, and may beperformed at another level (for example, at the picture level, slicelevel, tile level, CTU level, or sub-block level).

Note that the motion information may be derived on the decoding deviceside without being signalled. For example, a merge mode defined in theH.265/HEVC standard may be used. Moreover, for example, the motioninformation may be derived by performing motion estimation on thedecoding device side. In this case, motion estimation is performedwithout using the pixel values of the current block.

Here, a mode for performing motion estimation on the decoding deviceside will be described. A mode for performing motion estimation on thedecoding device side is also referred to as pattern matched motionvector derivation (PMMVD) mode or frame rate up-conversion (FRUC) mode.

First, one candidate included in a merge list is selected as thestarting point for the search by pattern matching. The pattern matchingused is either first pattern matching or second pattern matching. Firstpattern matching and second pattern matching are also referred to asbilateral matching and template matching, respectively.

In the first pattern matching, pattern matching is performed between twoblocks along the motion trajectory of the current block in two differentreference pictures.

FIG. 6 is for illustrating one example of pattern matching (bilateralmatching) between two blocks along a motion trajectory. As illustratedin FIG. 6 , in the first pattern matching, two motion vectors (MV0, MV1)are derived by finding the best match between two blocks along themotion trajectory of the current block (Cur block) in two differentreference pictures (Ref0, Ref1).

Under the assumption of continuous motion trajectory, the motion vectors(MV0, MV1) pointing to the two reference blocks shall be proportional tothe temporal distances (TD0, TD1) between the current picture (Cur Pic)and the two reference pictures (Ref0, Ref1). For example, when thecurrent picture is temporally between the two reference pictures and thetemporal distance from the current picture to the two reference picturesis the same, the first pattern matching derives a mirror basedbi-directional motion vector.

In the second pattern matching, pattern matching is performed between atemplate in the current picture (blocks neighboring the current block inthe current picture (for example, the top and/or left neighboringblocks)) and a block in a reference picture.

FIG. 7 is for illustrating one example of pattern matching (templatematching) between a template in the current picture and a block in areference picture. As illustrated in FIG. 7 , in the second patternmatching, a motion vector of the current block is derived by searching areference picture (Ref0) to find the block that best matches neighboringblocks of the current block (Cur block) in the current picture (CurPic).

Information indicating whether to apply the FRUC mode or not (referredto as, for example, a FRUC flag) is signalled at the CU level. Moreover,when the FRUC mode is applied (for example, when the FRUC flag is set totrue), information indicating the pattern matching method (first patternmatching or second pattern matching) is signalled at the CU level. Notethat the signaling of such information need not be performed at the CUlevel, and may be performed at another level (for example, at thesequence level, picture level, slice level, tile level, CTU level, orsub-block level).

It is to be noted that motion information may be derived on the decodingdevice side using a method different from motion estimation. Forexample, the amount of correction for a motion vector may be calculatedusing the pixel value of a neighboring pixel in unit of a pixel, basedon a model assuming uniform linear motion.

Here, a mode for deriving a motion vector based on a model assuminguniform linear motion will be described. This mode is also referred toas a bi-directional optical flow (BIO) mode.

FIG. 8 is for illustrating a model assuming uniform linear motion. InFIG. 8 , (v_(x), v_(y)) denotes a velocity vector, and τ₀ and τ₁ denotetemporal distances between the current picture (Cur Pic) and tworeference pictures (Ref₀, Ref₁). (MVx₀, MVy₀) denotes a motion vectorcorresponding to reference picture Ref₀, and (MVx₁, MVy₁) denotes amotion vector corresponding to reference picture Ref1.

Here, under the assumption of uniform linear motion exhibited byvelocity vector (v_(x), v_(y)), (MVx₀, MVy₀) and (MVx₁, MVy₁) arerepresented as (v_(x)τ₀, v_(y)τ₀) and (−v_(x)τ₁, −v_(y)τ₁),respectively, and the following optical flow equation is given.

[MATH. 1]

∂I ^((k)) /∂t+v _(x) ∂I ^((k)) /∂x+v _(y) ∂I ^((k)) /∂y=0.  (1)

Here, I^((k)) denotes a luma value from reference picture k (k=0, 1)after motion compensation. This optical flow equation shows that the sumof (i) the time derivative of the luma value, (ii) the product of thehorizontal velocity and the horizontal component of the spatial gradientof a reference picture, and (iii) the product of the vertical velocityand the vertical component of the spatial gradient of a referencepicture is equal to zero. A motion vector of each block obtained from,for example, a merge list is corrected pixel by pixel based on acombination of the optical flow equation and Hermite interpolation.

Note that a motion vector may be derived on the decoding device sideusing a method other than deriving a motion vector based on a modelassuming uniform linear motion. For example, a motion vector may bederived for each sub-block based on motion vectors of neighboringblocks.

Here, a mode in which a motion vector is derived for each sub-blockbased on motion vectors of neighboring blocks will be described. Thismode is also referred to as affine motion compensation prediction mode.

FIG. 9 is for illustrating deriving a motion vector of each sub-blockbased on motion vectors of neighboring blocks. In FIG. 9 , the currentblock includes 16 4×4 sub-blocks. Here, motion vector v₀ of the top leftcorner control point in the current block is derived based on motionvectors of neighboring sub-blocks, and motion vector v₁ of the top rightcorner control point in the current block is derived based on motionvectors of neighboring blocks. Then, using the two motion vectors v₀ andv₁, the motion vector (v_(x), v_(y)) of each sub-block in the currentblock is derived using Equation 2 below.

$\begin{matrix}\left\lbrack {{MATH}.2} \right\rbrack &  \\\left\{ \begin{matrix}{v_{x} = {{\frac{\left( {v_{1x} - v_{0x}} \right)}{w}x} - {\frac{\left( {v_{1y} - v_{0y}} \right)}{w}y} + v_{0x}}} \\{v_{y} = {{\frac{\left( {v_{1y} - v_{0y}} \right)}{w}x} + {\frac{\left( {v_{1x} - v_{0x}} \right)}{w}y} + v_{0y}}}\end{matrix} \right. & (2)\end{matrix}$

Here, x and y are the horizontal and vertical positions of thesub-block, respectively, and w is a predetermined weighted coefficient.

Such an affine motion compensation prediction mode may include a numberof modes of different methods of deriving the motion vectors of the topleft and top right corner control points. Information indicating such anaffine motion compensation prediction mode (referred to as, for example,an afine flag) is signalled at the CU level. Note that the signaling ofinformation indicating the affine motion compensation prediction modeneed not be performed at the CU level, and may be performed at anotherlevel (for example, at the sequence level, picture level, slice level,tile level, CTU level, or sub-block level).

[Prediction Controller]

Prediction controller 128 selects either the intra prediction signal orthe inter prediction signal, and outputs the selected prediction signalto subtractor 104 and adder 116.

[Decoding Device Outline]

Next, a decoding device capable of decoding an encoded signal (encodedbitstream) output from encoding device 100 will be described. FIG. 10 isa block diagram illustrating a functional configuration of decodingdevice 200 according to Embodiment 1. Decoding device 200 is a movingpicture/picture decoding device that decodes a moving picture/pictureblock by block.

As illustrated in FIG. 10 , decoding device 200 includes entropy decoder202, inverse quantizer 204, inverse transformer 206, adder 208, blockmemory 210, loop filter 212, frame memory 214, intra predictor 216,inter predictor 218, and prediction controller 220.

Decoding device 200 is realized as, for example, a generic processor andmemory. In this case, when a software program stored in the memory isexecuted by the processor, the processor functions as entropy decoder202, inverse quantizer 204, inverse transformer 206, adder 208, loopfilter 212, intra predictor 216, inter predictor 218, and predictioncontroller 220. Alternatively, decoding device 200 may be realized asone or more dedicated electronic circuits corresponding to entropydecoder 202, inverse quantizer 204, inverse transformer 206, adder 208,loop filter 212, intra predictor 216, inter predictor 218, andprediction controller 220.

Hereinafter, each component included in decoding device 200 will bedescribed.

[Entropy Decoder]

Entropy decoder 202 entropy decodes an encoded bitstream. Morespecifically, for example, entropy decoder 202 arithmetic decodes anencoded bitstream into a binary signal. Entropy decoder 202 thendebinarizes the binary signal. With this, entropy decoder 202 outputsquantized coefficients of each block to inverse quantizer 204.

[Inverse Quantizer]

Inverse quantizer 204 inverse quantizes quantized coefficients of ablock to be decoded (hereinafter referred to as a current block), whichare inputs from entropy decoder 202. More specifically, inversequantizer 204 inverse quantizes quantized coefficients of the currentblock based on quantization parameters corresponding to the quantizedcoefficients. Inverse quantizer 204 then outputs the inverse quantizedcoefficients (i.e., transform coefficients) of the current block toinverse transformer 206.

[Inverse Transformer]

Inverse transformer 206 restores prediction errors by inversetransforming transform coefficients, which are inputs from inversequantizer 204.

For example, when information parsed from an encoded bitstream indicatesapplication of EMT or AMT (for example, when the AMT flag is set totrue), inverse transformer 206 inverse transforms the transformcoefficients of the current block based on information indicating theparsed transform type.

Moreover, for example, when information parsed from an encoded bitstreamindicates application of NSST, inverse transformer 206 applies asecondary inverse transform to the transform coefficients (transformresults).

[Adder]

Adder 208 reconstructs the current block by summing prediction errors,which are inputs from inverse transformer 206, and prediction signals,which are inputs from prediction controller 220. Adder 208 then outputsthe reconstructed block to block memory 210 and loop filter 212.

[Block Memory]

Block memory 210 is storage for storing blocks in a picture to bedecoded (hereinafter referred to as a current picture) for reference inintra prediction. More specifically, block memory 210 storesreconstructed blocks output from adder 208.

[Loop Filter]

Loop filter 212 applies a loop filter to blocks reconstructed by adder208, and outputs the filtered reconstructed blocks to frame memory 214and, for example, a display device.

When information indicating the enabling or disabling of ALF parsed froman encoded bitstream indicates enabled, one filter from among aplurality of filters is selected based on direction and activity oflocal gradients, and the selected filter is applied to the reconstructedblock.

[Frame Memory]

Frame memory 214 is storage for storing reference pictures used in interprediction, and is also referred to as a frame buffer. Morespecifically, frame memory 214 stores reconstructed blocks filtered byloop filter 212.

[Intra Predictor]

Intra predictor 216 generates a prediction signal (intra predictionsignal) by intra prediction with reference to a block or blocks in thecurrent picture and stored in block memory 210. More specifically, intrapredictor 216 generates an intra prediction signal by intra predictionwith reference to samples (for example, luma and/or chroma values) of ablock or blocks neighboring the current block, and then outputs theintra prediction signal to prediction controller 220.

Note that when an intra prediction mode in which a chroma block is intrapredicted from a luma block is selected, intra predictor 216 may predictthe chroma component of the current block based on the luma component ofthe current block.

Moreover, when information indicating the application of PDPC is parsedfrom an encoded bitstream, intra predictor 216 correctspost-intra-prediction pixel values based on horizontal/verticalreference pixel gradients.

[Inter Predictor]

Inter predictor 218 predicts the current block with reference to areference picture stored in frame memory 214. Inter prediction isperformed per current block or per sub-block (for example, per 4×4block) in the current block. For example, inter predictor 126 generatesan inter prediction signal of the current block or sub-block by motioncompensation by using motion information (for example, a motion vector)parsed from an encoded bitstream, and outputs the inter predictionsignal to prediction controller 128.

Note that when the information parsed from the encoded bitstreamindicates application of OBMC mode, inter predictor 126 generates theinter prediction signal using motion information for a neighboring blockin addition to motion information for the current block obtained frommotion estimation.

Moreover, when the information parsed from the encoded bitstreamindicates application of FRUC mode, inter predictor 218 derives motioninformation by performing motion estimation in accordance with thepattern matching method (bilateral matching or template matching) parsedfrom the encoded bitstream. Inter predictor 218 then performs motioncompensation using the derived motion information.

Moreover, when BIO mode is to be applied, inter predictor 218 derives amotion vector based on a model assuming uniform linear motion. Moreover,when the information parsed from the encoded bitstream indicates thataffine motion compensation prediction mode is to be applied, interpredictor 218 derives a motion vector of each sub-block based on motionvectors of neighboring blocks.

[Prediction Controller]

Prediction controller 220 selects either the intra prediction signal orthe inter prediction signal, and outputs the selected prediction signalto adder 208.

Embodiment 2

Hereinafter, some processes performed by encoder 100 and decoder 200configured as described above will be described in detail with referenceto the drawings. Note that those skilled in the art shall understandthat the following embodiments may be combined to further enhance thebenefits of the present disclosure.

The encoder, the decoder, and the like according to this embodiment canbe used in the encoding and decoding of any given multimedia data. Morespecifically, the encoder, the decoder, and the like according to thisembodiment can be used in the encoding and decoding of an image capturedwith a non rectilinear (e.g., a fisheye) lens camera.

Here, with the background art described above, the same video encodingtools are used to compress processed images and images directly capturedby a rectilinear lens. There is no video encoding tool in the backgroundart that is specially customized to compress these type of processedimages differently.

Typically, a 360-degree image is originally captured by multiple camerasand the images captured from the multiple cameras are stitched togetherto form a large image. In some cases, there is an image conversionprocess involved to “defish” or to rectify the image to becomerectilinear prior to the encoding of the image so that the images can bemore pleasantly presented on a flat display or the objects in the imagecan be detected easier using machine learning techniques. However, theimage conversion process usually interpolates the image samples and thuscreates redundancy in the information carried in the image. Thestitching and conversion processes in some cases also create an emptyregion in the image that is generally filled with default pixel values(e.g. black colored pixels). These issues caused by the stitching andconversion processes reduce the coding efficiency of the encodingprocesses.

To solve these problems, in this embodiment, adaptive video encodingtools and adaptive video decoding tools are used as customized videoencoding tools and video decoding tools. To improve the codingefficiency, these adaptive video encoding tools can be adaptive based onthe image conversion or image stitching processes used to process theimages prior to the encoder. The present disclosure can adapt the videoencoding tools during the encoding process to suit such processes toreduce any redundancies as a result of these processes. The same appliesto the adaptive video decoding tools as well.

In this embodiment, information on the image conversion and/or imagestitching processes is used to adapt the video encoding tools and thevideo decoding tools. Accordingly, video encoding tools and videodecoding tools can be adapted for different types of processed images.Thus, according to this embodiment, compression efficiency can beimproved.

[Encoding Process]

A method of video encoding an image captured using a non rectilinearlens according to Embodiment 2 of the present disclosure as illustratedin FIG. 11 will be described. Note that a non rectilinear lens is a wideangle lens or one example thereof.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating one example of a video encodingprocess according to this embodiment.

In step S101, the encoder writes a set of parameters into a header. FIG.12 illustrates the possible locations of the above mentioned header in acompressed video bitstream. The written parameters (i.e., the cameraparameter and image parameter in FIG. 12 ) include one or moreparameters related to an image correction process. For example, asillustrated in FIG. 12 , these parameters are written in a videoparameter set, sequence parameter set, picture parameter set, sliceheader, or video system setup parameter set. Stated differently, in thisembodiment, written parameters may be written in some header orsupplemental enhancement information (SEI) in a bitstream. Note that theimage correction process corresponds to the above mentioned imageconversion process.

<Examples of Image Correction Process Parameters>

As illustrated in FIG. 13 , the captured image may be distorted due tothe characteristics of the lens used during the capturing of the image.An image correction process was used to rectify the captured image torectilinear. Note that a rectangular image is generated by rectifyingthe captured image to rectilinear. Written parameters include parametersfor specifying or describing the image correction process to be used. Anexample of parameters used in the image correction process includeparameters configuring a mapping table to map input image pixels to theintended output pixel values of the image correction process. Theseparameters may include weight parameters for one or more interpolationprocess or/and position parameters identifying the locations of theinput and output pixels in a picture. In one possible implementationexample of the image correction process, the mapping table for the imagecorrection process may be used for all the pixels in the correctedimage.

Other examples of parameters used to describe the image correctionprocess include a selection parameter to select one out of a pluralityof pre-defined correction algorithms, a direction parameter to selectone out of a plurality of pre-determined direction of the correctionalgorithms or/and calibration parameters to calibrate or fine tune thecorrection algorithms. For example, when there is a plurality ofpre-defined correction algorithms (e.g., different algorithms are usedfor different types of lenses), the selection parameter is used toselect one of these pre-defined algorithms. For example, when there ismore than one direction that the correction algorithms can be applied in(e.g., image correction process can be perform horizontally, verticallyor both directions), the direction parameter selects one of thesepre-defined directions. When the image correction process can becalibrated, the calibration parameters allow the adjustment of the imagecorrection process to suit different types of lenses.

<Examples of Stitching Process Parameters>

The written parameters may also include one or more parameters relatedto a stitching process. As illustrated in FIG. 14 and FIG. 15 , an imageto be input into the encoder may be the result of a stitching processthat combines a plurality of images from different cameras. The writtenparameters include, for example, parameters that provide informationrelated to the stitching process, such as the number of cameras, thedistortion centers or principle center of each camera, the level ofdistortion, etc. Another example of the parameters describing thestitching process include parameters that identify the locations of thestitched images that are generated from overlapping pixels from aplurality of images. Each of these images may contain pixels that mayappear in other images as the angles of the cameras may have overlappingregions. During the stitching process, these overlapping pixels areprocessed and reduced to produce the stitched image.

Another example of the parameters describing the stitching processinclude parameters that identify the layout of the stitched image. Forexample, depending on the 360 image format such as equirectangularprojection, Cubic-3×2 layout, Cubic-4×3 layout, the arrangement of theimages within the stitched image is different. Note that the 3×2 layoutis a layout of 6 images arranged in 3 columns and 2 rows, and the 4×3layout is a layout of 12 images arranged in 4 columns and 3 rows. Thelayout parameter, which is one of the above mentioned parameters, willbe used to identify the continuity of the images in certain directionsbased on the arrangement of the images. During the motion compensationprocess, pixels from other images or views can be used for interprediction process and these images or views are identified by thelayout parameter. Some images or pixels in the images may also berequired to be rotated to ensure the continuity.

Other examples of the parameters include camera and lens parameters(e.g., focal length, principle point, scale factor, image sensor formatused in the camera, etc). More examples of the parameters include thephysical information related to the placement of the camera (e.g. theposition of the camera, the angle of the camera, etc).

Next, in step S102, the encoder encodes an image by adaptive videoencoding tools based on these written parameters. The adaptive videoencoding tools include an inter prediction process. The set of adaptivevideo encoding tools may also include a picture reconstruction process.

<Distortion Correction in Inter Prediction>

FIG. 16 is a flow chart illustrating an adapted inter prediction processwhen an image is identified to be captured using a non rectilinear lensor when an image is identified to be processed to be rectilinear or whenan image is identified as stitched from more than one image. Asillustrated in FIG. 16 , based on the parameters written in a header,the encoder determines a position in an image as the distortion centeror principle point in step S1901. FIG. 17 illustrates an example ofbarrel distortion caused by a fisheye lens. Note that a fisheye lens isone example of a wide angle lens. The magnification decreases along afocal axis as it moves further away from the distortion center. Thus,based on the distortion center, in step S1902, the encoder can wrappixels in an image to correct the distortion or reverse the correctiondone to make an image rectilinear. In other words, the encoder performsan image correction process (i.e., a wrapping process) on distortedblocks in an image to be encoded. Finally, based on the wrapped imagepixels, the encoder can perform a block prediction to derive a block ofprediction samples based on the wrapped image pixels in step S1903. Notethat a wrapping process or wrapping according to this embodiment is aprocess that arranges or rearranges pixels, blocks, or images. Theencoder may also return the prediction block, which is a predictedblock, to its original distorted state before undergoing the imagecorrection process, and the distorted prediction block may be used as aprediction image including a distorted block to be processed. Note thatthe prediction image and block to be processed correspond to theprediction signal and the current block according to Embodiment 1.

Another example of an adapted inter prediction process includes anadapted motion vector process. The motion vectors' resolution is lowerfor image blocks further away from the distortion center than the blocksnearer to the distortion center. For example, image blocks further awayfrom the distortion center may have motion vectors' precision up tohalf-pixel precision, while image blocks nearer to the distortion centermay have higher motion vectors' precision up to one-eight pixelprecisions. Because of differences between adapted motion vectorprecisions arise based on the image block position, precision of themotion vectors encoded in a bitstream may be adaptive depending on theend position or/and start position of the motion vectors. In otherwords, using parameters, the encoder may change motion vector precisionsbased on block position.

Another example of an adapted inter prediction process includes anadapted motion compensation process where pixels from different viewsmay be used to predict image samples from current view based on a layoutparameter written in a header. For example, depending on the 360 imageformat such as equirectangular projection, Cubic-3×2 layout, Cubic-4×3layout, the arrangement of the images within the stitched image isdifferent. The layout parameter will be used to identify the continuityof the images in certain directions based on the arrangement of theimages. During the motion compensation process, pixels from other imagesor views can be used for inter prediction process and these images orviews are identified by the layout parameter. Some images or pixels inthe images may also be required to be rotated to ensure the continuity.

In other words, the encoder may perform a process for ensuringcontinuity. For example, when encoding the stitched image illustrated inFIG. 15 , the encoder may perform a wrapping process based on thoseparameters. More specifically, among the five images included in thestitched image (i.e., images A through D and the top view), the top viewis a 180-degree image, and images A through D are 90-degree images.Accordingly, the space depicted in the top view is continuous with eachof the spaces depicted in images A through D, and the space depicted inimage A is continuous with the space depicted in image B. However, inthe stitched image, the top view is not continuous with images A, C, andD, and image A is not continuous with image B. Thus, the encoderperforms the above mentioned wrapping process to improve codingefficiency. Stated differently, the encoder rearranges the imagesincluded in the stitched image. For example, the encoder rearranges theimages so that image A and image B are continuous. This gives continuityto an object depicted in separated images A and B, making it possible toimprove coding efficiency. Note that the wrapping process, which is aprocess for rearranging or arranging such images, is also referred to asframe packing.

<Padding in Inter Prediction>

FIG. 18 is a flow chart illustrating a variation of an adapted interprediction process when an image is identified to be captured using anon rectilinear lens or when an image is identified to be processed tobe rectilinear or when an image is identified as stitched from more thanone image. As illustrated in FIG. 18 , based on the parameters writtenin a header, the encoder identifies a region of an image as an emptyregion in step S2001. These empty regions are regions of an image thatdoes not contain captured image pixels and are typically replaced withpre-determined pixel values (e.g. black colored pixels). FIG. 13illustrates an example of these regions in an image. FIG. 15 illustratesanother example of these regions when a plurality of images are stitchedtogether. Next in step S2002 of FIG. 18 , the encoder pads the pixels inthese identified regions with values from other non empty regions of theimage during a motion compensation process. The padded values may befrom the nearest neighbor in the non empty regions or the nearestneighbor pixel accordingly to physical three dimensional spaces. Finallyin step S2003, the encoder performs a block prediction to produce ablock of prediction samples based on the padded values.

<Distortion Correction in Picture Reconstruction>

FIG. 19 illustrates an adapted picture reconstruction process when animage is identified to be captured using a non rectilinear lens or whenan image is identified to be processed to be rectilinear or when animage is identified as stitched from more than one image. As illustratedin FIG. 19 , based on the parameters written in a header, the encoderdetermines a position in an image as the distortion center or principlepoint in step S1801. FIG. 17 illustrates an example of barrel distortioncaused by a fisheye lens. The magnification decreases along a focal axisas it moves further away from the distortion center. Thus, based on thedistortion center, in step S1802, the encoder can perform a wrappingprocess on reconstruction pixels in an image to correct the distortionor reverse the correction done to make an image rectilinear. Forexample, the encoder generates a reconstructed picture by adding aprediction error image generated by inverse transformation and aprediction image. Here, the encoder performs a wrapping process to makethe prediction error image and the prediction image rectilinear.

Finally, based on the pixels in the image processed with the wrappingprocess, the encoder stores a block of reconstructed images in memory instep S1803.

<Pixel Replacement in Picture Reconstruction>

FIG. 20 illustrates a variation of an adapted picture reconstructionprocess when an image is identified to be captured using a nonrectilinear lens or when an image is identified to be processed to berectilinear or when an image is identified as stitched from more thanone images. As illustrated in FIG. 20 , based on the parameters writtenin a header, the encoder identifies a region of an image as an emptyregion in step S2101. These empty regions are regions of an image thatdoes not contain captured image pixels and are typically replaced withpre-determined pixel values (e.g. black colored pixels). FIG. 13illustrates an example of these regions in an image. FIG. 15 illustratesanother example of these regions when a plurality of images are stitchedtogether. Next, in step S2102, the encoder reconstructs a block of imagesamples.

Then, in step S2103, the encoder replaces the reconstructed pixels inthese identified regions with pre-determined pixel values.

<Skipping of Encoding Process>

At step S102 illustrated in FIG. 11 , in another possible variation ofadaptive video encoding tools, an image encoding process may be skipped.In other words, the encoder may skip an image encoding process based onthe written parameter about the layout arrangement of the images andinformation on the active viewing region based on a user's eye gaze orhead direction. Stated differently, the encoder performs a partialencoding process.

FIG. 21 illustrates an example of a user's eye gaze viewing angle orhead direction relative to different views captured by differentcameras. As illustrated in FIG. 21 , the viewing angle of the user iswithin the image captured by camera from view 1 only. In this example,the images from other views do not require encoding as they are outsideof the user's viewing angle and thus the encoding processes ortransmission process can be skipped for these images to reduce thecomplexity for encoding or to reduce the transmission bitrate for thecompressed images. In another possible example as illustrated in FIG. 21, images from view 5 and view 2 are also encoded and transmitted as theyare physically closer to the active view (view 1). These images are notdisplayed to the viewer/user at the current time but they are displayedto the viewer/user when the viewer changes his/her head direction. Theseimages are used to improve the user's viewing experience when he/shechanges his/her head direction.

FIG. 22 illustrates another example of a user's eye gaze viewing angleor head direction relative to different views captured by differentcameras. In this example, the active eye gaze viewing region is withinthe images from view 2. Therefore, images from view 2 are encoded anddisplayed to the user. In the same example, the encoder defines a widerregion as the possible range of eye gaze region for future frames inanticipation of possible motion range of the viewer's head in nearfuture. The images from the views (other than view 2) that are withinthe wider future eye gaze region but not within the current active eyegaze region are also encoded and transmitted by the encoder to allowfaster rendering of the views at the viewer's end. In other words, inaddition to images from view 2, images from the top view and view 1 thatat least partially overlap the possible eye gaze region illustrated inFIG. 22 are also encoded and transmitted. The images from the rest ofthe views (view 3, view 4 and the bottom view) are not encoded and theencoding processes for these images are skipped.

[Encoder]

FIG. 23 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an encoderthat encodes a video according to this embodiment.

Encoder 900 is a device for encoding an input video/image bitstream on ablock-by-block basis so as to generate an encoded output bitstream, andcorresponds to encoder 100 according to Embodiment 1. As illustrated inFIG. 23 , encoder 900 includes transformer 901, quantizer 902, inversequantizer 903, inverse transformer 904, block memory 905, frame memory906, intra predictor 907, inter predictor 908, subtractor 921, adder922, entropy encoder 909, and parameter deriver 910.

An image of input video (i.e., a current block) is inputted tosubtractor 921, and the added value is outputted to transformer 901.Stated differently, subtractor 921 calculates a prediction error bysubtracting a prediction image from the current block. Transformer 901transforms the added values (i.e., prediction error) into frequencycoefficients, and outputs the resulting frequency coefficients toquantizer 902. Quantizer 902 quantizes the inputted frequencycoefficients, and outputs the resulting quantized values to inversequantizer 903 and entropy encoder 909.

Inverse quantizer 903 inversely quantizes the sample values (i.e.,quantized values) outputted from quantizer 902, and outputs thefrequency coefficients to inverse transformer 904. Inverse transformer904 performs an inverse frequency transform on the frequencycoefficients so as to transform the frequency coefficients into samplevalues, i.e., pixel values, and outputs the resulting sample values toadder 922.

Parameter deriver 910 derives, from an image, parameters related to animage correction process, parameters related to a camera, or parametersrelated to a stitching process, and outputs the parameters to interpredictor 908, adder 922, and entropy encoder 909. For example, theinput video may include the parameters, and in such cases, parameterderiver 910 extracts and outputs the parameters included in the video.Alternatively, the input video may include parameters functioning as abase for deriving such parameters. In such cases, parameter deriver 910extracts the base parameters included in the video, and transforms andoutputs the extracted base parameters as the above mentioned parameters.

Adder 922 adds sample values output form inverse transformer 904 topixel values of the prediction image output from intra predictor 907 orinter predictor 908. Stated differently, adder 922 performs a picturereconstruction process to generate a reconstructed picture. Adder 922outputs the resulting added values to block memory 905 or frame memory906 in order to perform further prediction.

Intra predictor 907 performs intra prediction. In other words, intrapredictor 907 estimates an image of the current block usingreconstructed pictures stored in block memory 905 that are included thesame picture as the picture of the current block. Inter predictor 908performs inter prediction. In other words, inter predictor 908 estimatesan image of the current block using reconstructed pictures stored inframe memory 906 that are included different pictures than the pictureof the current block.

Here, in this embodiment, inter predictor 908 and adder 922 adaptprocessing based on parameters derived by parameter deriver 910. Inother words, inter predictor 908 and adder 922 perform, as processesperformed by the above mentioned adaptive video encoding tools,processes that conform to the flow charts illustrated in FIG. 16 , FIG.18 , FIG. 19 , and FIG. 20 .

Entropy encoder 909 encodes quantized values output from quantizer 902and parameters derived by parameter deriver 910, and outputs abitstream. In other words, entropy encoder 909 writes those parametersinto a header of a bitstream.

[Decoding Process]

FIG. 24 is a flow chart illustrating one example of a video decodingprocess according to this embodiment.

In step S201, the decoder parses a set of parameters from a header. FIG.12 illustrates the possible locations of the above mentioned header in acompressed video bitstream. The parsed parameters include one or moreparameters related to an image correction process.

<Examples of Image Correction Process Parameters>

As illustrated in FIG. 13 , the captured image may be distorted due tothe characteristics of the lens used during the capturing of the image.An image correction process was used to rectify the captured image torectilinear. The parsed parameters include such parameters to identifyor describe the image correction process used. Examples of parametersused in the image correction process include parameters configuring amapping table to map input image pixels to the intended output pixelvalues of the image correction process. These parameters may includeweight parameters for one or more interpolation process or/and positionparameters identifying the locations of the input and output pixels in apicture. In one possible implementation example of the image correctionprocess, the mapping table for the image correction process may be usedfor all the pixels in the corrected image.

Other examples of parameters used to describe the image correctionprocess include a selection parameter to select one out of a pluralityof pre-defined correction algorithms, a direction parameter to selectone out of a plurality of pre-determined directions of the correctionalgorithms or/and calibration parameters to calibrate or fine tune thecorrection algorithms. For example, when there is a plurality ofpre-defined correction algorithms (e.g., different algorithms are usedfor different types of lenses), the selection parameter is used toselect one of these pre-defined algorithms. For example, when there ismore than one direction that the correction algorithms can be applied in(e.g., image correction process can be perform horizontally, verticallyor both directions), the direction parameter selects one of thesepre-defined directions. For example, when the image correction processcan be calibrated, the calibration parameters allow the adjustment ofthe image correction process to suit different types of lenses.

<Examples of Stitching Process Parameters>

The parsed parameters may also include one or more parameters related toa stitching process. As illustrated in FIG. 14 and FIG. 15 , an image tobe input into the decoder may be the result of a stitching process thatcombines a plurality of images from different cameras. The parsedparameters include, for example, parameters that provide informationrelated to the stitching process, such as the number of cameras, thedistortion centers or principle center of each camera, the level ofdistortion, etc. Another example of the parameters describing thestitching process include parameters that identify the locations of thestitched images that are generated from overlapping pixels from aplurality of images. Each of these images may contain pixels that mayappear in other images as the angles of the cameras may have overlappingregions. During the stitching process, these overlapping pixels areprocessed and reduced to produce the stitched image.

Another example of the parameters describing the stitching processinclude parameters that identify the layout of the stitched image. Forexample, depending on the 360 image format such as equirectangularprojection, Cubic-3×2 layout, Cubic-4×3 layout, the arrangement of theimages within the stitched image is different. The layout parameter,which is one example of the above mentioned parameters, will be used toidentify the continuity of the images in certain directions based on thearrangement of the images. During the motion compensation process,pixels from other images or views can be used for inter predictionprocess and these images or views are identified by the layoutparameter. Some images or pixels in the images may also be required tobe rotated to ensure the continuity.

Other examples of the parameters include camera and lens parameters(e.g., focal length, principle point, scale factor, image sensor formatused in the camera, etc). More examples of the parameters include thephysical information related to the placement of the camera (e.g. theposition of the camera, the angle of the camera, etc).

Next, in step S202, the decoder decodes an image by adaptive videodecoding tools based on these parsed parameters. The adaptive videodecoding tools include an inter prediction process. The set of adaptivevideo decoding tools may also include a picture reconstruction process.Note that the video decoding tools and adaptive video decoding tools maybe the same tools as, or tools corresponding to, the above mentionedvideo encoding tools and adaptive video encoding tools.

<Distortion Correction in Inter Prediction>

FIG. 16 is a flow chart illustrating an adapted inter prediction processwhen an image is identified to be captured using a non rectilinear lensor when an image is identified to be processed to be rectilinear or whenan image is identified as stitched from more than one image. Asillustrated in FIG. 16 , based on the parameters written in a header,the decoder determines a position in an image as the distortion centeror principle point in step S1901. FIG. 17 illustrates an example ofbarrel distortion caused by a fisheye lens. The magnification decreasesalong a focal axis as it moves further away from the distortion center.Thus, based on the distortion center, in step S1902. the decoder canperform a wrapping process on reconstruction pixels in an image tocorrect the distortion or reverse the correction done to make an imagerectilinear. In other words, the decoder performs an image correctionprocess (i.e., a wrapping process) on distorted blocks in an image to bedecoded. Finally, based on the wrapped image pixels, the decoder canperform a block prediction to derive a block of prediction samples basedon the wrapped image pixels in step S1903. The decoder may also returnthe prediction block, which is a predicted block, to its originaldistorted state before undergoing the image correction process, and thedistorted prediction block may be used as a prediction image including adistorted block to be processed.

Another example of an adapted inter prediction process includes anadapted motion vector process. The motion vectors' resolution is lowerfor image blocks further away from the distortion center than the blocksnearer to the distortion center. For example, image blocks further awayfrom the distortion center may have motion vectors' precision up tohalf-pixel precision, while image blocks nearer to the distortion centermay have higher motion vectors' precision up to one-eight pixelprecisions. Because of adapted motion vector precisions difference basedon the image block position, precision of the motion vectors encoded ina bitstream may be adaptive depending on the end position or/and startposition of the motion vectors. In other words, using parameters, thedecoder may change motion vector precisions based on block position.

Another example of an adapted inter prediction process includes anadapted motion compensation process where pixels from different viewsmay be used to predict image samples from current view based on a layoutparameter written in a header. For example, depending on the 360 imageformat such as equirectangular projection, Cubic-3×2 layout, Cubic-4×3layout, the arrangement of the images within the stitched image isdifferent. The layout parameter will be used to identify the continuityof the images in certain directions based on the arrangement of theimages. During the motion compensation process, pixels from other imagesor views can be used for inter prediction process and these images orviews are identified by the layout parameter. Some images or pixels inthe images may also be required to be rotated to ensure the continuity.

In other words, the decoder may perform a process for ensuringcontinuity. For example, when decoding the stitched image illustrated inFIG. 15 , the decoder may perform a wrapping process based on thoseparameters. More specifically, as described above with respect to theencoder, the decoder rearranges the images so that image A and image Bare continuous. This gives continuity to an object depicted in separatedimages A and B, making it possible to improve coding efficiency.

<Padding in Inter Prediction>

FIG. 18 is a flow chart illustrating a variation of an adapted interprediction process when an image is identified to be captured using anon rectilinear lens or when an image is identified to be processed tobe rectilinear or when an image is identified as stitched from more thanone image. As illustrated in FIG. 18 , based on the parameters parsedfrom a header, the decoder identifies a region of an image as an emptyregion in step S2001. These empty regions are regions of an image thatdoes not contain captured image pixels and are typically replaced withpre-determined pixel values (e.g. black colored pixels). FIG. 13illustrates an example of these regions in an image. FIG. 15 illustratesanother example of these regions when a plurality of images are stitchedtogether. Next in step S2002 of FIG. 18 , the decoder pads the pixels inthese identified regions with values from other non empty regions of theimage during a motion compensation process. The padded values may befrom the nearest neighbor in the non empty regions or the nearestneighbor pixel accordingly to physical three dimensional spaces. Finallyin step S2003, the decoder performs a block prediction to produce ablock of prediction samples based on the padded values.

<Distortion Correction in Picture Reconstruction>

FIG. 19 illustrates an adapted picture reconstruction process when animage is identified to be captured using a non rectilinear lens or whenan image is identified to be processed to be rectilinear or when animage is identified as stitched from more than one image. As illustratedin FIG. 19 , based on the parameters parsed from a header, the decoderdetermines a position in an image as the distortion center or principlepoint in step S1801. FIG. 17 illustrates an example of barrel distortioncaused by a fisheye lens. The magnification decreases along a focal axisas it moves further away from the distortion center. Thus, based on thedistortion center, in step S1802, the decoder can perform a wrappingprocess on reconstruction pixels in an image to correct the distortionor reverse the correction done to make an image rectilinear. Forexample, the decoder generates a reconstructed picture by adding aprediction error image generated by inverse transformation and aprediction image. Here, the decoder performs a wrapping process to makethe prediction error image and the prediction image rectilinear.

Finally, based on the pixels in the image processed with the wrappingprocess, the decoder stores a block of reconstructed images in memory instep S1803.

<Pixel Replacement in Picture Reconstruction>

FIG. 20 illustrates a variation of an adapted picture reconstructionprocess when an image is identified to be captured using a nonrectilinear lens or when an image is identified to be processed to berectilinear or when an image is identified as stitched from more thanone images. As illustrated in FIG. 20 , based on the parameters parsedfrom a header, the decoder identifies a region of an image as an emptyregion in step S2001. These empty regions are regions of an image thatdoes not contain captured image pixels and are typically replaced withpre-determined pixel values (e.g. black colored pixels). FIG. 13illustrates an example of these regions in an image. FIG. 15 illustratesanother example of these regions when a plurality of images are stitchedtogether. Next, in step S2102, the decoder reconstructs a block of imagesamples.

Then, in step S2103, the decoder replaces the reconstructed pixels inthese identified regions with pre-determined pixel values.

<Skipping of Decoding Process>

At step S202 illustrated in FIG. 24 , in another possible variation ofadaptive video decoding tools, an image decoding process may be skipped.In other words, the decoder may skip an image decoding process based onthe parsed parameter about the layout arrangement of the images andinformation on the active viewing region based on a user's eye gaze orhead direction. Stated differently, the decoder performs a partialdecoding process.

FIG. 21 illustrates an example of a user's eye gaze viewing angle orhead direction relative to different views captured by differentcameras. As illustrated in FIG. 21 , the viewing angle of the user iswithin the image captured by camera from view 1 only. In this example,the images from other views do not require decoding as they are outsideof the user's viewing angle and thus the decoding processes or displayprocess can be skipped for these images to reduce the complexity fordecoding or to reduce the transmission bitrate for the compressedimages. In another possible example as illustrated in FIG. 21 , imagesfrom view 5 and view 2 are also decoded as they are physically closer tothe active view (view 1). These images are not displayed to theviewer/user at the current time but they are displayed to theviewer/user when the viewer changes his/her head direction. By reducingthe time that a view is decoded and displayed according to the motion ofthe user's head, these images are displayed as fast as possible toimprove the user's viewing experience when he/she changes his/her headdirection.

FIG. 22 illustrates another example of a user's eye gaze viewing angleor head direction relative to different views captured by differentcameras. In this example, the active eye gaze viewing region is withinthe images from view 2. Therefore, images from view 2 are decoded anddisplayed to the user. In the same example, the decoder defines a widerregion as the possible range of eye gaze region for future frames inanticipation of possible motion range of the viewer's head in nearfuture. The decoder also decodes the images from the views (other thanview 2) that are within the wider future eye gaze region but not withinthe current active eye gaze region. In other words, in addition toimages from view 2, images from the top view and view 1 that at leastpartially overlap the possible eye gaze region illustrated in FIG. 22are also decoded. With this, images are displayed to allow fasterrendering of the views at the viewer's end. The images from the rest ofthe views (view 3, view 4 and the bottom view) are not decoded and thedecoding processes for these images are skipped.

[Decoder]

FIG. 25 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a decoderthat decodes a video according to this embodiment.

Decoder 1000 is a device for decoding an input coded video (i.e., inputbitstream) on a block-by-block basis to generate a decoded video, andcorresponds to decoder 200 according to Embodiment 1. As illustrated inFIG. 25 , decoder 1000 includes entropy decoder 1001, inverse quantizer1002, inverse transformer 1003, block memory 1004, frame memory 1005,adder 1022, intra predictor 1006, and inter predictor 1007.

An input bitstream is inputted to entropy decoder 1001. Thereafter,entropy decoder 1001 entropy decodes the input bitstream, and outputsthe entropy decoded values (i.e., quantized values) to inverse quantizer1002. Entropy decoder 1001 also parses parameters from the inputbitstream and outputs the parameters to inter predictor 1007 and adder1022.

Inverse quantizer 1002 inversely quantizes the entropy decoded values,and outputs the frequency coefficients to inverse transformer 1003.Inverse transformer 1003 performs an inverse frequency transform on thefrequency coefficients to transform the frequency coefficients intosample values (i.e., pixel values), and outputs the resulting pixelvalues to adder 1022. Adder 1022 adds the obtained pixel values to pixelvalues of the prediction image output from intra predictor 1006 or interpredictor 1007. Stated differently, adder 1022 performs a picturereconstruction process to generate a reconstructed picture. Adder 1022outputs the values obtained via the adding (i.e., the decoded image) toa display, and outputs the obtained values to block memory 1004 or framememory 1005 in order to perform further prediction.

Intra predictor 1006 performs intra prediction. In other words, intrapredictor 1006 estimates an image of the current block usingreconstructed pictures stored in block memory 1004 that are included thesame picture as the picture of the current block. Inter predictor 1007performs inter prediction. In other words, inter predictor 1007estimates an image of the current block using reconstructed picturesstored in frame memory 1005 that are included different pictures thanthe picture of the current block.

Here, in this embodiment, inter predictor 1007 and adder 1022 adaptprocessing based on parsed parameters. In other words, inter predictor1007 and adder 1022 perform, as processes performed by the abovementioned adaptive video decoding tools, processes that conform to theflow charts illustrated in FIG. 16 , FIG. 18 , FIG. 19 , and FIG. 20 .

Embodiment 3 [Encoding Process]

A method of performing a video encoding process on an image capturedusing a non rectilinear lens according to Embodiment 3 of the presentdisclosure as illustrated in FIG. 26 will be described.

FIG. 26 is a flow chart illustrating one example of a video encodingprocess according to this embodiment.

In step S301, the encoder writes a set of parameters into a header. FIG.12 illustrates the possible locations of the above mentioned header in acompressed video bitstream. The written parameters include one or moreparameters related to camera position. The written parameters may alsoinclude one or more parameters related to camera angle or one or moreparameters related to instructions on how to stitch a plurality ofimages.

Other examples of the parameters include camera and lens parameters(e.g., focal length, principle point, scale factor, image sensor formatused in the camera, etc). More examples of the parameters include thephysical information related to the placement of the camera (e.g. theposition of the camera, the angle of the camera, etc).

In this embodiment, the above mentioned parameters written into theheader are also referred to as camera parameters or stitching parametersFIG. 15 shows an example of a method to stitch images from more than onecamera together. FIG. 14 shows another example of a method to stitchimages from more than one camera.

Next, in step S302, the encoder encodes an image. The encoding processin S302 may also be adapted based on a stitched image. For example, thereference picture used by the encoder in the motion compensation processcan be a larger stitched image instead of an image with the same size asdecoded image (i.e., an unstitched image).

And finally in step S303, based on the written parameters, the encoderstitches a first image, which is the reconstructed image encoded in stepS302, with a second image to create a larger image. The stitched imagemay be used to predict future frames (i.e., inter prediction or motioncompensation).

FIG. 27 is a flow chart illustrating a stitching process using theparameters written in the header. In step S2401, the encoder determinesthe camera parameters or stitching parameters from the writtenparameters for the current image. Similarly, in step S2402, the encoderdetermines the camera parameters or stitching parameters from thewritten parameters for other images. And finally in step S2403, theencoder stitches the images to form a larger image using thesedetermined parameters. These determined parameters are written in theheader. Note that the encoder may perform a wrapping process or framepacking process for arranging or rearranging images to improve codingefficiency.

[Encoder]

FIG. 28 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an encoderthat encodes a video according to this embodiment.

Encoder 1100 is a device for encoding an input video/image bitstream ona block-by-block basis so as to generate an encoded output bitstream,and corresponds to encoder 100 according to Embodiment 1. As illustratedin FIG. 28 , encoder 1100 includes transformer 1101, quantizer 1102,inverse quantizer 1103, inverse transformer 1104, block memory 1105,frame memory 1106, intra predictor 1107, inter predictor 1108,subtractor 1121, adder 1122, entropy encoder 1109, parameter deriver1110, and image stitcher 1111.

An image of input video (i.e., a current block) is inputted tosubtractor 1121, and the added value is outputted to transformer 1101.Stated differently, subtractor 1121 calculates a prediction error bysubtracting a prediction image from the current block. Transformer 1101transforms the added values (i.e., prediction error) into frequencycoefficients, and outputs the resulting frequency coefficients toquantizer 1102. Quantizer 1102 quantizes the inputted frequencycoefficients, and outputs the resulting quantized values to inversequantizer 1103 and entropy encoder 1109.

Inverse quantizer 1103 inversely quantizes the sample values (i.e.,quantized values) outputted from quantizer 1102, and outputs thefrequency coefficients to inverse transformer 1104. Inverse transformer1104 performs an inverse frequency transform on the frequencycoefficients so as to transform the frequency coefficients into samplevalues, i.e., pixel values, and outputs the resulting sample values toadder 1122.

Adder 1122 adds the pixel values output from inverse transformer 1104 topixel values of the prediction image output from intra predictor 1107 orinter predictor 1108. Adder 1122 outputs the resulting added values toblock memory 1105 or frame memory 1106 in order to perform furtherprediction.

Similar to Embodiment 1, parameter deriver 1110 derives, from an image,parameters related to a stitching process or parameters related to acamera, and outputs the parameters to image stitcher 1111 and entropyencoder 1109. In other words, parameter deriver 1110 executes theprocesses in steps S2401 and S2402 illustrated in FIG. 27 . For example,the input video may include the parameters, and in such cases, parameterderiver 1110 extracts and outputs the parameters included in the video.Alternatively, the input video may include parameters functioning as abase for deriving such parameters. In such cases, parameter deriver 1110extracts the base parameters included in the video, and transforms andoutputs the extracted base parameters as the above mentioned parameters.

As illustrated in step S303 in FIG. 26 and step S2403 in FIG. 27 , imagestitcher 1111 uses the parameters to stitch the reconstructed currentimage other images. Thereafter, image stitcher 1111 outputs the stitchedimage to frame memory 1106.

Intra predictor 1107 performs intra prediction. In other words, intrapredictor 1107 estimates an image of the current block usingreconstructed pictures stored in block memory 1105 that are included thesame picture as the picture of the current block. Inter predictor 1108performs inter prediction. In other words, inter predictor 1108estimates an image of the current block using reconstructed picturesstored in frame memory 1106 that are included different pictures thanthe picture of the current block. Here, inter predictor 1108 mayreference, as a reference image, a large image stored in frame memory1106 that is obtained by image stitcher 1111 stitching a plurality ofimages together.

Entropy encoder 1109 encodes quantized values output from quantizer1102, obtains parameters from parameter deriver 1110, and outputs theparameters to the bitstream. In other words, entropy encoder 1109entropy encodes the quantized values and parameters, and writes thoseparameters into a header of a bitstream.

[Decoding Process]

FIG. 29 is a flow chart illustrating one example of a video decodingprocess according to this embodiment.

In step S401, the decoder parses a set of parameters from a header. FIG.12 illustrates the possible locations of the above mentioned header in acompressed video bitstream. The parsed parameters include one or moreparameters related to camera position. The parsed parameters may alsoinclude one or more parameters related to camera angle or one or moreparameters related to instructions on how to stitch a plurality ofimages. Other examples of the parameters include camera and lensparameters (e.g., focal length, principle point, scale factor, imagesensor format used in the camera, etc). More examples of the parametersinclude the physical information related to the placement of the camera(e.g. the position of the camera, the angle of the camera, etc).

FIG. 15 shows an example of a method to stitch images from more than onecamera together. FIG. 14 shows another example of a method to stitchimages from more than one camera.

Next, in step S402, the decoder decodes an image. The decoding processin S402 may also be adapted based on a stitched image. For example, thereference picture used by the decoder in the motion compensation processcan be a larger stitched image instead of an image with the same size asdecoded image (i.e., an unstitched image).

And finally in step S403, based on the parsed parameters, the decoderstitches a first image, which is the image reconstructed in step S402,with a second image to create a larger image. The stitched image may beused to predict future images (i.e., inter prediction or motioncompensation).

FIG. 27 is a flow chart illustrating a stitching process using theparsed parameters. In step S2401, the decoder determines the cameraparameters or stitching parameters by parsing the parameters from theheader for the current image. Similarly, in step S2402, the decoderdetermines the camera parameters or stitching parameters by parsing theparameters from the header for the other images. And finally in stepS2403, the decoder stitches the images to form a larger image usingthese parsed parameters.

[Decoder]

FIG. 30 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a decoderthat decodes a video according to this embodiment.

Decoder 1200 is a device for decoding an input coded video (i.e., inputbitstream) on a block-by-block basis to output a decoded video, andcorresponds to decoder 200 according to Embodiment 1. As illustrated inFIG. 30 , decoder 1200 includes entropy decoder 1201, inverse quantizer1202, inverse transformer 1203, block memory 1204, frame memory 1205,adder 1222, intra predictor 1206, inter predictor 1207, and imagestitcher 1208.

An input bitstream is inputted to entropy decoder 1201. Thereafter,entropy decoder 1201 entropy decodes the input bitstream, and outputsthe entropy decoded values (i.e., quantized values) to inverse quantizer1202. Entropy decoder 1201 also parses parameters from the inputbitstream and outputs the parameters to image stitcher 1208.

Image stitcher 1208 uses the parameters to stitch the reconstructedcurrent image with other images. Thereafter, image stitcher 1208 outputsthe stitched image to frame memory 1205.

Inverse quantizer 1202 inversely quantizes the entropy decoded values,and outputs the frequency coefficients to inverse transformer 1203.Inverse transformer 1203 performs an inverse frequency transform on thefrequency coefficients to transform the frequency coefficients intosample values (i.e., pixel values), and outputs the resulting pixelvalues to adder 1222. Adder 1222 adds the obtained pixel values to pixelvalues of the prediction image output from intra predictor 1206 or interpredictor 1207. Adder 1222 outputs the values obtained via the adding(i.e., the decoded image) to a display, and outputs the obtained valuesto block memory 1204 or frame memory 1205 in order to perform furtherprediction.

Intra predictor 1206 performs intra prediction. In other words, intrapredictor 1206 estimates an image of the current block usingreconstructed pictures stored in block memory 1204 that are included thesame picture as the picture of the current block. Inter predictor 1207performs inter prediction. In other words, inter predictor 1207estimates an image of the current block using reconstructed picturesstored in frame memory 1205 that are included different pictures thanthe picture of the current block.

Embodiment 4 [Encoding Process]

A method of performing a video encoding process on an image capturedusing a non rectilinear lens according to Embodiment 4 of the presentdisclosure as illustrated in FIG. 31 will be described.

FIG. 31 is a flow chart illustrating one example of a video encodingprocess according to this embodiment.

In step S501, the encoder writes a set of parameters into a header. FIG.12 illustrates the possible locations of the above mentioned header in acompressed video bitstream. The written parameters include one or moreparameters related to an identifier to indicate if the image is capturedwith a non rectilinear lens. As illustrated in FIG. 13 , the capturedimage may be distorted due to the characteristics of the lens usedduring the capturing of the image. An example of the written parametersis the position of the center of the distortion or the principle center.

Next, in step S502, the encoder encodes an image by adaptive videoencoding tools based on these written parameters. The adaptive videoencoding tools include a motion vector prediction process. The set ofadaptive video encoding tools may also include an intra predictionprocess.

<Intra Prediction Process>

FIG. 32 is a flow chart illustrating an intra prediction process adaptedbased on written parameters. As illustrated in FIG. 32 , based on theparameters written in a header, the encoder determines a position in animage as the distortion center or principle point in step S2201. Next,in step S2202, the encoder predicts a group of samples using spatialneighboring pixel values. The group of samples is a group of pixels in,for example, the current block.

Finally in S2203, the encoder performs a wrapping process on the groupof predicted samples using the determined distortion center or principlepoint to produce a block of prediction samples. For example, the encodermay distort an image including the block of prediction samples, and mayuse the distorted image as a prediction image.

<Motion Vector Prediction>

FIG. 33 is a flow chart illustrating a motion vector prediction processadapted based on the written parameters. As illustrated in FIG. 33 ,based on the parameters written in a header, the encoder determines aposition in an image as the distortion center or principle point in stepS2301. Next, in step S2302, the encoder predicts motion vectors fromspatial or temporal neighbor's motion vectors.

Finally in S2303, the encoder modifies the direction of the motionvectors using the determined distortion center or principle point.

[Encoder]

FIG. 34 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an encoderthat encodes a video according to this embodiment.

Encoder 1300 is a device for encoding an input video/image bitstream ona block-by-block basis so as to generate an encoded output bitstream,and corresponds to encoder 100 according to Embodiment 1. As illustratedin FIG. 34 , encoder 1300 includes transformer 1301, quantizer 1302,inverse quantizer 1303, inverse transformer 1304, block memory 1305,frame memory 1306, intra predictor 1307, inter predictor 1308,subtractor 1321, adder 1322, entropy encoder 1309, and parameter deriver1310.

An image of input video (i.e., a current block) is inputted tosubtractor 1321, and the added value is outputted to transformer 1301.Stated differently, subtractor 1321 calculates a prediction error bysubtracting a prediction image from the current block. Transformer 1301transforms the added values (i.e., prediction error) into frequencycoefficients, and outputs the resulting frequency coefficients toquantizer 1302. Quantizer 1302 quantizes the inputted frequencycoefficients, and outputs the resulting quantized values to inversequantizer 1303 and entropy encoder 1309.

Inverse quantizer 1303 inversely quantizes the sample values (i.e.,quantized values) outputted from quantizer 1302, and outputs thefrequency coefficients to inverse transformer 1304. Inverse transformer1304 performs an inverse frequency transform on the frequencycoefficients so as to transform the frequency coefficients into samplevalues, i.e., pixel values, and outputs the resulting sample values toadder 1322.

Similar to Embodiment 1, parameter deriver 1310 derives, from an image,one or more parameters related to an identifier to indicate if the imageis captured with a non rectilinear lens (more specifically, one or moreparameters indicating the distortion center or principle point).Parameter deriver 1310 then outputs the derived parameters to intrapredictor 1307, inter predictor 1308, and entropy encoder 1309. Forexample, the input video may include the parameters, and in such cases,parameter deriver 1310 extracts and outputs the parameters included inthe video. Alternatively, the input video may include parametersfunctioning as a base for deriving such parameters. In such cases,parameter deriver 1310 extracts the base parameters included in thevideo, and transforms and outputs the extracted base parameters as theabove mentioned parameters.

Adder 1322 adds the pixel values output from inverse transformer 1304 topixel values of the prediction image output from intra predictor 1307 orinter predictor 1308. Adder 1322 outputs the resulting added values toblock memory 1305 or frame memory 1306 in order to perform furtherprediction.

Intra predictor 1307 performs intra prediction. In other words, intrapredictor 1307 estimates an image of the current block usingreconstructed pictures stored in block memory 1305 that are included thesame picture as the picture of the current block. Inter predictor 1308performs inter prediction. In other words, inter predictor 1308estimates an image of the current block using reconstructed picturesstored in frame memory 1306 that are included different pictures thanthe picture of the current block.

Here, in this embodiment, intra predictor 1307 and inter predictor 1308perform processing based on the parameters derived by parameter deriver1310. In other words, intra predictor 1307 and inter predictor 1308 eachperform processing in accordance with the flow charts illustrated inFIG. 32 and FIG. 33 .

Entropy encoder 1309 encodes quantized values output from quantizer 1302and parameters derived by parameter deriver 1310, and outputs abitstream. In other words, entropy encoder 1309 writes those parametersinto a header of a bitstream.

[Decoding Process]

FIG. 35 is a flow chart illustrating one example of a video decodingprocess according to this embodiment.

In step S601, the decoder parses a set of parameters from a header. FIG.12 illustrates the possible locations of the above mentioned header in acompressed video bitstream. The parsed parameters include one or moreparameters related to an identifier to indicate if the image is capturedwith a non rectilinear lens. As illustrated in FIG. 13 , the capturedimage may be distorted due to the characteristics of the lens usedduring the capturing of the image. An example of the parsed parametersis the position of the center of the distortion or the principle center.

Next, in step S602, the decoder decodes an image by adaptive videodecoding tools based on the parsed parameters. The adaptive videodecoding tools include a motion vector prediction process. The adaptivevideo decoding tools may include an intra prediction process. Note thatthe video decoding tools and adaptive video decoding tools may be thesame tools as, or tools corresponding to, the above mentioned videoencoding tools and adaptive video encoding tools.

<Intra Prediction Process>

FIG. 32 is a flow chart illustrating an intra prediction process adaptedbased on parsed parameters. As illustrated in FIG. 32 , based on theparsed parameters, the decoder determines a position in an image as thedistortion center or principle point in step S2201. Next, in step S2202,the decoder predicts a group of samples using spatial neighboring pixelvalues. Finally in S2203, the decoder performs a wrapping process on thegroup of predicted samples using the determined distortion center orprinciple point to produce a block of prediction samples. For example,the decoder may distort an image including the block of predictionsamples, and may use the distorted image as a prediction image.

<Motion Vector Prediction>

FIG. 33 is a flow chart illustrating a motion vector prediction processadapted based on the parsed parameters. As illustrated in FIG. 33 ,based on the parsed parameters, the decoder determines a position in animage as the distortion center or principle point in step S2301. Next,in step S2302, the decoder predicts motion vectors from spatial ortemporal neighbor's motion vectors. Finally in S2303, the decodermodifies the direction of the motion vectors using the determineddistortion center or principle point.

[Decoder]

FIG. 36 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a decoderthat decodes a video according to this embodiment.

Decoder 1400 is a device for decoding an input coded video (i.e., inputbitstream) on a block-by-block basis to output a decoded video, andcorresponds to decoder 200 according to Embodiment 1. As illustrated inFIG. 36 , decoder 1400 includes entropy decoder 1401, inverse quantizer1402, inverse transformer 1403, block memory 1404, frame memory 1405,adder 1422, intra predictor 1406, and inter predictor 1407.

The input bitstream is input into entropy decoder 1401. Thereafter,entropy decoder 1401 entropy decodes the input bitstream, and outputsthe entropy decoded values (i.e., quantized values) to inverse quantizer1402. Entropy decoder 1401 also parses parameters from the inputbitstream and outputs the parameters to inter predictor 1407 and intrapredictor 1406.

Inverse quantizer 1402 inversely quantizes the entropy decoded values,and outputs the frequency coefficients to inverse transformer 1403.Inverse transformer 1403 performs an inverse frequency transform on thefrequency coefficients to transform the frequency coefficients intosample values (i.e., pixel values), and outputs the resulting pixelvalues to adder 1422. Adder 1422 adds the obtained pixel values to pixelvalues of the prediction image output from intra predictor 1406 or interpredictor 1407. Adder 1422 outputs the values obtained via the adding(i.e., the decoded image) to a display, and outputs the obtained valuesto block memory 1404 or frame memory 1405 in order to perform furtherprediction.

Intra predictor 1406 performs intra prediction. In other words, intrapredictor 1406 estimates an image of the current block usingreconstructed pictures stored in block memory 1404 that are included thesame picture as the picture of the current block. Inter predictor 1407performs inter prediction. In other words, inter predictor 1407estimates an image of the current block using reconstructed picturesstored in frame memory 1405 that are included different pictures thanthe picture of the current block.

Here, in this embodiment, inter predictor 1407 and intra predictor 1406adapt processing based on parsed parameters. In other words, interpredictor 1407 and intra predictor 1406 each perform processing inaccordance with the flow charts illustrated in FIG. 32 and FIG. 33 , asadaptive video decoding tools.

CONCLUSION

Although examples of the encoder and decoder according to the presentdisclosure have been described above based on embodiments, the encoderand the decoder according to one aspect of the present disclosure arenot limited to the embodiments.

For example, in the above embodiments, the encoder encodes a video usingparameters related to image distortion or parameters related to imagestitching, and the decoder decodes the encoded video using theparameters. However, the encoder and the decoder according to one aspectof the present disclosure need not encode or decode video using theseparameters. In other words, processing using the adaptive video encodingtools and adaptive video decoding tools described in the aboveembodiments need not be performed.

FIG. 37 is a block diagram of an encoder according to one aspect of thepresent disclosure.

Encoder 1500 according to one aspect of the present disclosurecorresponds to encoder 100 according to embodiment 1, and, asillustrated in FIG. 37 , includes transformer 1501, quantizer 1502,inverse quantizer 1503, inverse transformer 1504, block memory 1505,frame memory 1506, intra predictor 1507, inter predictor 1508,subtractor 1521, adder 1522, and entropy encoder 1509. Note that encoder1500 does not include parameter deriver 910, 1110, or 1310.

The elements included in encoder 1500 perform the same processes asdescribed in the above embodiments 1 through 4, but do not performprocessing using adaptive video encoding tools. In other words, adder1522, intra predictor 1507, and inter predictor 1508 perform processingfor encoding without using parameters derived by parameter deriver 910,1110, or 1310 according to embodiments 2 through 4.

Moreover, encoder 1500 obtains a video and parameters related to thatvideo, generates a bitstream by encoding the video without using theparameters, and then writes the parameters into the bitstream. Morespecifically, entropy encoder 1509 writes the parameters into thebitstream. Note that the parameters may be written at any position inthe bitstream.

Moreover, images (i.e., pictures) included in the above mentioned videothat is input into encoder 1500 may be distortion-corrected images, andmay be stitched images obtained by stitching images from a plurality ofviews together. Distortion-corrected images are rectangular imagesobtained by correcting distortion in images captured using a wide anglelens such as a non rectilinear lens. Such an encoder 1500 encodes videoincluding the distortion-corrected images or stitched images.

Here, quantizer 1502, inverse quantizer 1503, inverse transformer 1504,intra predictor 1507, inter predictor 1508, subtractor 1521, adder 1522,and entropy encoder 1509 are implemented as, for example, processingcircuitry. Furthermore, block memory 1505 and frame memory 1506 areimplemented as memory.

In other words, encoder 1500 includes processing circuitry and memoryconnected to the processing circuitry. Using the memory, the processingcircuitry obtains parameters including at least one of (i) one or moreparameters related to a first process for correcting distortion in animage captured with a wide angle lens and (ii) one or more parametersrelated to a second process for stitching a plurality of images,generates an encoded image by encoding a current image to be processedthat is based on the image or the plurality of images, and writes theparameters into a bitstream including the encoded image.

Since the parameters are written into the bitstream, an image to beencoded or decoded can be handled properly by using the parameters.

Here, when writing the parameters, the processing circuitry may writethe parameters into a header of the bitstream. When encoding the currentimage, the processing circuitry may adapt, on a block by block basis, anencoding process based on the parameters, to encode each block includedin the current image. The encoding process may include at least one ofan inter prediction process and a picture reconstruction process.

With this, for example, as with Embodiment 2, by using an interprediction process and a picture reconstruction process as adaptivevideo encoding tools, a current image, which is, for example, adistorted image or stitched image, can be properly encoded. As a result,it is possible to improve the coding efficiency of the current image.

Moreover, when writing the parameters, the processing circuitry maywrite the one or more parameters related to the second process into aheader of the bitstream, and when encoding the current image, when thecurrent image is obtained via the second process, the processingcircuitry may skip an encoding process on a block by block basis, basedon the one or more parameters related to the second process.

With this, for example, as illustrated in FIG. 21 and FIG. 22 accordingto Embodiment 2, among images included in the stitched encoded images,the encoding of blocks included in images not to be gazed at by the userin the near future may be skipped. This makes it possible to reduce theprocessing load and reduce the amount of data to be encoded.

Moreover, when writing the parameters, the processing circuitry maywrite, as the one or more parameters related to the second process, atleast one of a position and a camera angle for each of a plurality ofcameras, into a header of the bitstream. When encoding the currentimage, the processing circuitry may: encode an image from among theplurality of images as the current image; and stitch the current imagewith a second image among the plurality of images using the parameterswritten in the header.

With this, for example, as with Embodiment 3, a large stitched image canbe used for inter prediction or motion compensation, which improvescoding efficiency.

Moreover, when writing the parameters, the processing circuitry maywrite, as the one or more parameters related to the first process, atleast one of a parameter indicating whether an image is captured withthe wide angle lens and a parameter related to barrel distortionproduced by the wide angle lens, into a header of the bitstream. Whenencoding the current image, when the current image is an image capturedwith the wide angle lens, the processing circuitry may adapt, on a blockby block basis, an encoding process based on the parameters written inthe header, to encode each block included in the current image. Theencoding process may include at least one of a motion vector predictionprocess and an intra prediction process.

With this, for example, as with Embodiment 4, by using a motion vectorprediction process and an intra prediction process as adaptive videoencoding tools, a current image, which is, for example, a distortedimage, can be encoded properly. As a result, it is possible to improvethe coding efficiency of a distorted image.

Moreover, the encoding process may include a prediction process, theprediction process being one of the inter prediction process and anintra prediction process. The prediction process may include a wrappingprocess of arranging or rearranging a plurality of pixels included in animage.

With this, for example, as with Embodiment 2, distortion in a currentimage can be corrected, and an inter prediction process can be performedproperly based on the corrected image. Moreover, for example, as withEmbodiment 4, an intra prediction process can be performed on adistorted image, and the resulting prediction image can be distortedproperly in accordance with the distorted current image. As a result, itis possible to improve the coding efficiency of a distorted image.

Moreover, the encoding process may include the inter prediction process,and the inter prediction process may include an image padding processperformed on a curved, diagonal, or cornered image boundary using theparameters written in the header.

With this, for example, as with Embodiment 2, an inter predictionprocess can be properly performed, which improves coding efficiency.

Moreover, the encoding process may include the inter prediction processand the picture reconstruction process, and the inter prediction processand the picture reconstruction process may each include a process forrewriting a pixel value to a predetermined value based on the parameterswritten in the SEI.

With this, for example, as with Embodiment 2, an inter predictionprocess and a picture reconstruction process can be properly performed,which improves coding efficiency.

Moreover, when encoding the current image, the processing circuitry may:reconstruct the encoded image to generate a reconstructed image; andstore an image obtained by stitching the reconstructed image and withthe second image into the memory as a reference frame to be used in aninter prediction process.

With this, for example, as with Embodiment 3, a large stitched image canbe used for inter prediction or motion compensation, which improvescoding efficiency.

Note that the encoder according to Embodiments 2 through 4 encodes avideo including distortion-corrected images or stitched images, orencodes a video including unstitched images from a plurality of views.However, the encoder according to the present disclosure may or may notcorrect distortion in images included in the video in order to encodethe video. When distortion is not corrected, the encoder obtains videoincluding images that have already been distortion-corrected by adifferent device, and encodes the video. Similarly, the encoderaccording to the present disclosure may or may not stitch images from aplurality of views included in video in order to encode the video. Whenstitching is not performed, the encoder obtains video including imagesfrom a plurality of views that have already been stitched by a differentdevice, and encodes the video. Moreover, the encoder according to thepresent disclosure may completely correct distortion, and may partiallycorrect distortion. Furthermore, the encoder according to the presentdisclosure may perform all or part of the stitching of images from theplurality of views.

FIG. 38 is a block diagram of a decoder according to one aspect of thepresent disclosure.

Decoder 1600 according to one aspect of the present disclosurecorresponds to decoder 200 according to Embodiment 1, and as illustratedin FIG. 38 , includes entropy decoder 1601, inverse quantizer 1602,inverse transformer 1603, block memory 1604, frame memory 1605, intrapredictor 1606, inter predictor 1607, and adder 1622.

The elements included in decoder 1600 perform the same processes asdescribed in the above embodiments 1 through 4, but do not performprocessing using adaptive video decoding tools. In other words, adder1622, intra predictor 1606, and inter predictor 1607 perform processingfor decoding without using the above mentioned parameters included inthe bitstream.

Moreover, decoder 1600 obtains a bitstream, extracts encoded video andparameters from the bitstream, and decodes the encoded video withoutusing the parameters. More specifically, entropy decoder 1601 parses theparameters from the bitstream. Note that the parameters may be writtenat any position in the bitstream.

Moreover, images (i.e., encoded pictures) included in the bitstream thatis input into decoder 1600 may be distortion-corrected images, and maybe stitched images obtained by stitching images from a plurality ofviews together. Distortion-corrected images are rectangular imagesobtained by correcting distortion in images captured using a wide anglelens such as a non rectilinear lens. Such a decoder 1600 decodes videoincluding the distortion-corrected images or stitched images.

Here, entropy decoder 1601, inverse quantizer 1602, inverse transformer1603, intra predictor 1606, inter predictor 1607, and adder 1622 areimplemented as, for example, processing circuitry. Furthermore, blockmemory 1604 and frame memory 1605 are implemented as memory.

In other words, decoder 1600 includes processing circuitry and memoryconnected to the processing circuitry. Using the memory, the processingcircuitry obtains a bitstream including an encoded image, parses, fromthe bitstream, parameters including at least one of (i) one or moreparameters related to a first process for correcting distortion in animage captured with a wide angle lens and (ii) one or more parametersrelated to a second process for stitching a plurality of images, anddecodes the encoded image.

An image to be encoded or decoded can be handled properly by using theabove mentioned parameters parsed from the bitstream.

Here, when parsing the parameters, the processing circuitry may parsethe parameters from a header of the bitstream. When decoding the encodedimage, the processing circuitry may adapt, on a block by block basis, adecoding process based on the parameters, to decode each block includedin the encoded image. The decoding process may include at least one ofan inter prediction process and a picture reconstruction process.

With this, for example, as with Embodiment 2, by using an interprediction process and a picture reconstruction process as adaptivevideo decoding tools, encoded images, which are, for example, distortedimages or stitched images, can be decoded properly.

Moreover, when parsing the parameters, the processing circuitry mayparse the one or more parameters related to the second process from aheader of the bitstream. When decoding the encoded image, when theencoded image is generated by encoding an image obtained via the secondprocess, the processing circuitry may skip a decoding process on a blockby block basis, based on the one or more parameters related to thesecond process.

With this, for example, as illustrated in FIG. 21 and FIG. 22 accordingto Embodiment 2, among images included in the stitched encoded images,the decoding of blocks included in images not to be gazed at by the userin the near future may be skipped. This makes it possible to reduce theprocessing load.

Moreover, when parsing the parameters, the processing circuitry mayparse, as the one or more parameters related to the second process, atleast one of a position and a camera angle for each of a plurality ofcameras, from a header of the bitstream. When decoding the encodedimage, the processing circuitry may: decode an image encoded from amongthe plurality of images as the encoded image: and stitch the encodedimage with a second image among the plurality of images using theparameters parsed from the header.

With this, for example, as with Embodiment 3, a large stitched image canbe used for inter prediction or motion compensation, making it possibleto properly decode an efficiently encoded bitstream.

Moreover, when parsing the parameters, the processing circuitry mayparse, as the one or more parameters related to the first process, atleast one of a parameter indicating whether an image is captured withthe wide angle lens and a parameter related to barrel distortionproduced by the wide angle lens, from a header of the bitstream. Whendecoding the encoded image, when the encoded image is generated byencoding an image captured with the wide angle lens, the processingcircuitry may adapt, on a block by block basis, a decoding process basedon the parameters parsed from the header, to decode each block includedin the encoded image. The decoding process may include at least one of amotion vector prediction process and an intra prediction process.

With this, for example, as with Embodiment 4, by using a motion vectorprediction process and an intra prediction process as adaptive videodecoding tools, encoded images, which are, for example, distortedimages, can be decoded properly.

Moreover, the decoding process may include a prediction process, theprediction process being one of the inter prediction process and anintra prediction process, and the prediction process may include awrapping process of arranging or rearranging a plurality of pixelsincluded in an image.

With this, for example, as with Embodiment 2, distortion in an encodedimage can be corrected, and an inter prediction process can be performedproperly based on the corrected image. Moreover, for example, as withEmbodiment 4, an intra prediction process can be performed on adistorted encoded image, and the resulting prediction image can bedistorted properly in accordance with the distorted encoded image. As aresult, it is possible to properly predict a distorted encoded image.

Moreover, the decoding process may include the inter prediction process,and the inter prediction process may include an image padding processperformed on a curved, diagonal, or cornered image boundary using theparameters parsed from the header.

With this, for example, as with Embodiment 2, an inter predictionprocess can be properly performed.

Moreover, the decoding process may include the inter prediction processand the picture reconstruction process, and the inter prediction processand the picture reconstruction process may each include a process forrewriting a pixel value to a predetermined value based on the parametersparsed from the header.

With this, for example, as with Embodiment 2, an inter predictionprocess and a picture reconstruction process can be properly performed.

Moreover, when decoding the encoded image, the processing circuitry may:decode the encoded image to generate a decoded image; and store an imageobtained by stitching the decoded image with the second image into thememory as a reference frame to be used in an inter prediction process.

With this, for example, as with Embodiment 3, a large stitched image canbe used for inter prediction or motion compensation.

Note that the decoder according to Embodiments 2 through 4 decodes abitstream including distorted images, a bitstream including stitchedimages, or a bitstream including unstitched images from a plurality ofviews. However, the decoder according to the present disclosure may ormay not correct distortion in images included in the bitstream in orderto decode the bitstream. When distortion is not corrected, the decoderobtains a bitstream including images that have already beendistortion-corrected by a different device, and decodes the bitstream.Similarly, the decoder according to the present disclosure may or maynot stitch images from a plurality of views included in the bitstream inorder to decode the bitstream. When stitching is not performed, thedecoder obtains a bitstream including large images that have alreadybeen generated by a different device by stitching images from aplurality of views together, and decodes the bitstream. Moreover, thedecoder according to the present disclosure may completely correctdistortion, and may partially correct distortion. Furthermore, thedecoder according to the present disclosure may perform all or part ofthe stitching of images from the plurality of views.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

As described in each of the above embodiments, each functional block cantypically be realized as an MPU and memory, for example. Moreover,processes performed by each of the functional blocks are typicallyrealized by a program execution unit, such as a processor, reading andexecuting software (a program) recorded on a recording medium such asROM. The software may be distributed via, for example, downloading, andmay be recorded on a recording medium such as semiconductor memory anddistributed. Note that each functional block can, of course, also berealized as hardware (dedicated circuit).

Moreover, the processing described in each of the embodiments may berealized via integrated processing using a single apparatus (system),and, alternatively, may be realized via decentralized processing using aplurality of apparatuses. Moreover, the processor that executes theabove-described program may be a single processor or a plurality ofprocessors. In other words, integrated processing may be performed, and,alternatively, decentralized processing may be performed.

Embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the aboveexemplary embodiments; various modifications may be made to theexemplary embodiments, the results of which are also included within thescope of the embodiments of the present invention.

Next, application examples of the moving picture encoding method (imageencoding method) and the moving picture decoding method (image decodingmethod) described in each of the above embodiments and a system thatemploys the same will be described. The system is characterized asincluding an image encoding device that employs the image encodingmethod, an image decoding device that employs the image decoding method,and an image encoding/decoding device that includes both the imageencoding device and the image decoding device. Other configurationsincluded in the system may be modified on a case-by-case basis.

Usage Examples

FIG. 39 illustrates an overall configuration of content providing systemex100 for implementing a content distribution service. The area in whichthe communication service is provided is divided into cells of desiredsizes, and base stations ex106, ex107, ex108, ex109, and ex110, whichare fixed wireless stations, are located in respective cells.

In content providing system ex100, devices including computer ex111,gaming device ex112, camera ex113, home appliance ex114, and smartphoneex115 are connected to internet ex101 via internet service providerex102 or communications network ex104 and base stations ex106 throughex110. Content providing system ex100 may combine and connect anycombination of the above elements. The devices may be directly orindirectly connected together via a telephone network or near fieldcommunication rather than via base stations ex106 through ex110, whichare fixed wireless stations. Moreover, streaming server ex103 isconnected to devices including computer ex111, gaming device ex112,camera ex113, home appliance ex114, and smartphone ex115 via, forexample, internet ex101. Streaming server ex103 is also connected to,for example, a terminal in a hotspot in airplane ex117 via satelliteex116.

Note that instead of base stations ex106 through ex110, wireless accesspoints or hotspots may be used. Streaming server ex103 may be connectedto communications network ex104 directly instead of via internet ex101or internet service provider ex102, and may be connected to airplaneex117 directly instead of via satellite ex116.

Camera ex113 is a device capable of capturing still images and video,such as a digital camera. Smartphone ex115 is a smartphone device,cellular phone, or personal handyphone system (PHS) phone that canoperate under the mobile communications system standards of the typical2G, 3G, 3.9G, and 4G systems, as well as the next-generation 5G system.

Home appliance ex118 is, for example, a refrigerator or a deviceincluded in a home fuel cell cogeneration system.

In content providing system ex100, a terminal including an image and/orvideo capturing function is capable of, for example, live streaming byconnecting to streaming server ex103 via, for example, base stationex106. When live streaming, a terminal (e.g., computer ex111, gamingdevice ex112, camera ex113, home appliance ex114, smartphone ex115, orairplane ex117) performs the encoding processing described in the aboveembodiments on still-image or video content captured by a user via theterminal, multiplexes video data obtained via the encoding and audiodata obtained by encoding audio corresponding to the video, andtransmits the obtained data to streaming server ex103. In other words,the terminal functions as the image encoding device according to oneaspect of the present invention.

Streaming server ex103 streams transmitted content data to clients thatrequest the stream. Client examples include computer ex111, gamingdevice ex112, camera ex113, home appliance ex114, smartphone ex115, andterminals inside airplane ex117, which are capable of decoding theabove-described encoded data. Devices that receive the streamed datadecode and reproduce the received data. In other words, the devices eachfunction as the image decoding device according to one aspect of thepresent invention.

[Decentralized Processing]

Streaming server ex103 may be realized as a plurality of servers orcomputers between which tasks such as the processing, recording, andstreaming of data are divided. For example, streaming server ex103 maybe realized as a content delivery network (CDN) that streams content viaa network connecting multiple edge servers located throughout the world.In a CDN, an edge server physically near the client is dynamicallyassigned to the client. Content is cached and streamed to the edgeserver to reduce load times. In the event of, for example, some kind ofan error or a change in connectivity due to, for example, a spike intraffic, it is possible to stream data stably at high speeds since it ispossible to avoid affected parts of the network by, for example,dividing the processing between a plurality of edge servers or switchingthe streaming duties to a different edge server, and continuingstreaming.

Decentralization is not limited to just the division of processing forstreaming; the encoding of the captured data may be divided between andperformed by the terminals, on the server side, or both. In one example,in typical encoding, the processing is performed in two loops. The firstloop is for detecting how complicated the image is on a frame-by-frameor scene-by-scene basis, or detecting the encoding load. The second loopis for processing that maintains image quality and improves encodingefficiency. For example, it is possible to reduce the processing load ofthe terminals and improve the quality and encoding efficiency of thecontent by having the terminals perform the first loop of the encodingand having the server side that received the content perform the secondloop of the encoding. In such a case, upon receipt of a decodingrequest, it is possible for the encoded data resulting from the firstloop performed by one terminal to be received and reproduced on anotherterminal in approximately real time. This makes it possible to realizesmooth, real-time streaming.

In another example, camera ex113 or the like extracts a feature amountfrom an image, compresses data related to the feature amount asmetadata, and transmits the compressed metadata to a server. Forexample, the server determines the significance of an object based onthe feature amount and changes the quantization accuracy accordingly toperform compression suitable for the meaning of the image. Featureamount data is particularly effective in improving the precision andefficiency of motion vector prediction during the second compressionpass performed by the server. Moreover, encoding that has a relativelylow processing load, such as variable length coding (VLC), may behandled by the terminal, and encoding that has a relatively highprocessing load, such as context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding(CABAC), may be handled by the server.

In yet another example, there are instances in which a plurality ofvideos of approximately the same scene are captured by a plurality ofterminals in, for example, a stadium, shopping mall, or factory. In sucha case, for example, the encoding may be decentralized by dividingprocessing tasks between the plurality of terminals that captured thevideos and, if necessary, other terminals that did not capture thevideos and the server, on a per-unit basis. The units may be, forexample, groups of pictures (GOP), pictures, or tiles resulting fromdividing a picture. This makes it possible to reduce load times andachieve streaming that is closer to real-time.

Moreover, since the videos are of approximately the same scene,management and/or instruction may be carried out by the server so thatthe videos captured by the terminals can be cross-referenced. Moreover,the server may receive encoded data from the terminals, change referencerelationship between items of data or correct or replace picturesthemselves, and then perform the encoding. This makes it possible togenerate a stream with increased quality and efficiency for theindividual items of data.

Moreover, the server may stream video data after performing transcodingto convert the encoding format of the video data. For example, theserver may convert the encoding format from MPEG to VP, and may convertH.264 to H.265.

In this way, encoding can be performed by a terminal or one or moreservers. Accordingly, although the device that performs the encoding isreferred to as a “server” or “terminal” in the following description,some or all of the processes performed by the server may be performed bythe terminal, and likewise some or all of the processes performed by theterminal may be performed by the server. This also applies to decodingprocesses.

[3D, Multi-Angle]

In recent years, usage of images or videos combined from images orvideos of different scenes concurrently captured or the same scenecaptured from different angles by a plurality of terminals such ascamera ex113 and/or smartphone ex115 has increased. Videos captured bythe terminals are combined based on, for example, theseparately-obtained relative positional relationship between theterminals, or regions in a video having matching feature points.

In addition to the encoding of two-dimensional moving pictures, theserver may encode a still image based on scene analysis of a movingpicture either automatically or at a point in time specified by theuser, and transmit the encoded still image to a reception terminal.Furthermore, when the server can obtain the relative positionalrelationship between the video capturing terminals, in addition totwo-dimensional moving pictures, the server can generatethree-dimensional geometry of a scene based on video of the same scenecaptured from different angles. Note that the server may separatelyencode three-dimensional data generated from, for example, a pointcloud, and may, based on a result of recognizing or tracking a person orobject using three-dimensional data, select or reconstruct and generatea video to be transmitted to a reception terminal from videos capturedby a plurality of terminals.

This allows the user to enjoy a scene by freely selecting videoscorresponding to the video capturing terminals, and allows the user toenjoy the content obtained by extracting, from three-dimensional datareconstructed from a plurality of images or videos, a video from aselected viewpoint. Furthermore, similar to with video, sound may berecorded from relatively different angles, and the server may multiplex,with the video, audio from a specific angle or space in accordance withthe video, and transmit the result.

In recent years, content that is a composite of the real world and avirtual world, such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR)content, has also become popular. In the case of VR images, the servermay create images from the viewpoints of both the left and right eyesand perform encoding that tolerates reference between the two viewpointimages, such as multi-view coding (MVC), and, alternatively, may encodethe images as separate streams without referencing. When the images aredecoded as separate streams, the streams may be synchronized whenreproduced so as to recreate a virtual three-dimensional space inaccordance with the viewpoint of the user.

In the case of AR images, the server superimposes virtual objectinformation existing in a virtual space onto camera informationrepresenting a real-world space, based on a three-dimensional positionor movement from the perspective of the user. The decoding device mayobtain or store virtual object information and three-dimensional data,generate two-dimensional images based on movement from the perspectiveof the user, and then generate superimposed data by seamlesslyconnecting the images. Alternatively, the decoding device may transmit,to the server, motion from the perspective of the user in addition to arequest for virtual object information, and the server may generatesuperimposed data based on three-dimensional data stored in the serverin accordance with the received motion, and encode and stream thegenerated superimposed data to the decoding device. Note thatsuperimposed data includes, in addition to RGB values, an α valueindicating transparency, and the server sets the a value for sectionsother than the object generated from three-dimensional data to, forexample, 0, and may perform the encoding while those sections aretransparent. Alternatively, the server may set the background to apredetermined RGB value, such as a chroma key, and generate data inwhich areas other than the object are set as the background.

Decoding of similarly streamed data may be performed by the client(i.e., the terminals), on the server side, or divided therebetween. Inone example, one terminal may transmit a reception request to a server,the requested content may be received and decoded by another terminal,and a decoded signal may be transmitted to a device having a display. Itis possible to reproduce high image quality data by decentralizingprocessing and appropriately selecting content regardless of theprocessing ability of the communications terminal itself. In yet anotherexample, while a TV, for example, is receiving image data that is largein size, a region of a picture, such as a tile obtained by dividing thepicture, may be decoded and displayed on a personal terminal orterminals of a viewer or viewers of the TV. This makes it possible forthe viewers to share a big-picture view as well as for each viewer tocheck his or her assigned area or inspect a region in further detail updose.

In the future, both indoors and outdoors, in situations in which aplurality of wireless connections are possible over near, mid, and fardistances, it is expected to be able to seamlessly receive content evenwhen switching to data appropriate for the current connection, using astreaming system standard such as MPEG-DASH. With this, the user canswitch between data in real time while freely selecting a decodingdevice or display apparatus including not only his or her own terminal,but also, for example, displays disposed indoors or outdoors. Moreover,based on, for example, information on the position of the user, decodingcan be performed while switching which terminal handles decoding andwhich terminal handles the displaying of content. This makes it possibleto, while in route to a destination, display, on the wall of a nearbybuilding in which a device capable of displaying content is embedded oron part of the ground, map information while on the move. Moreover, itis also possible to switch the bit rate of the received data based onthe accessibility to the encoded data on a network, such as when encodeddata is cached on a server quickly accessible from the receptionterminal or when encoded data is copied to an edge server in a contentdelivery service.

[Scalable Encoding]

The switching of content will be described with reference to a scalablestream, illustrated in FIG. 40 , that is compression coded viaimplementation of the moving picture encoding method described in theabove embodiments. The server may have a configuration in which contentis switched while making use of the temporal and/or spatial scalabilityof a stream, which is achieved by division into and encoding of layers,as illustrated in FIG. 40 . Note that there may be a plurality ofindividual streams that are of the same content but different quality.In other words, by determining which layer to decode up to based oninternal factors, such as the processing ability on the decoding deviceside, and external factors, such as communication bandwidth, thedecoding device side can freely switch between low resolution contentand high resolution content while decoding. For example, in a case inwhich the user wants to continue watching, at home on a device such as aTV connected to the internet, a video that he or she had been previouslywatching on smartphone ex115 while on the move, the device can simplydecode the same stream up to a different layer, which reduces serverside load.

Furthermore, in addition to the configuration described above in whichscalability is achieved as a result of the pictures being encoded perlayer and the enhancement layer is above the base layer, the enhancementlayer may include metadata based on, for example, statisticalinformation on the image, and the decoding device side may generate highimage quality content by performing super-resolution imaging on apicture in the base layer based on the metadata. Super-resolutionimaging may be improving the SN ratio while maintaining resolutionand/or increasing resolution. Metadata includes information foridentifying a linear or a non-linear filter coefficient used insuper-resolution processing, or information identifying a parametervalue in filter processing, machine learning, or least squares methodused in super-resolution processing.

Alternatively, a configuration in which a picture is divided into, forexample, tiles in accordance with the meaning of, for example, an objectin the image, and on the decoding device side, only a partial region isdecoded by selecting a tile to decode, is also acceptable. Moreover, bystoring an attribute about the object (person, car, ball, etc.) and aposition of the object in the video (coordinates in identical images) asmetadata, the decoding device side can identify the position of adesired object based on the metadata and determine which tile or tilesinclude that object. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 41 , metadatais stored using a data storage structure different from pixel data suchas an SEI message in HEVC. This metadata indicates, for example, theposition, size, or color of the main object.

Moreover, metadata may be stored in units of a plurality of pictures,such as stream, sequence, or random access units. With this, thedecoding device side can obtain, for example, the time at which aspecific person appears in the video, and by fitting that with pictureunit information, can identify a picture in which the object is presentand the position of the object in the picture.

[Web Page Optimization]

FIG. 42 illustrates an example of a display screen of a web page on, forexample, computer ex111. FIG. 43 illustrates an example of a displayscreen of a web page on, for example, smartphone ex115. As illustratedin FIG. 42 and FIG. 43 , a web page may include a plurality of imagelinks which are links to image content, and the appearance of the webpage differs depending on the device used to view the web page. When aplurality of image links are viewable on the screen, until the userexplicitly selects an image link, or until the image link is in theapproximate center of the screen or the entire image link fits in thescreen, the display apparatus (decoding device) displays, as the imagelinks, still images included in the content or I pictures, displaysvideo such as an animated gif using a plurality of still images or Ipictures, for example, or receives only the base layer and decodes anddisplays the video.

When an image link is selected by the user, the display apparatusdecodes giving the highest priority to the base layer. Note that ifthere is information in the HTML code of the web page indicating thatthe content is scalable, the display apparatus may decode up to theenhancement layer. Moreover, in order to guarantee real timereproduction, before a selection is made or when the bandwidth isseverely limited, the display apparatus can reduce delay between thepoint in time at which the leading picture is decoded and the point intime at which the decoded picture is displayed (that is, the delaybetween the start of the decoding of the content to the displaying ofthe content) by decoding and displaying only forward reference pictures(I picture, P picture, forward reference B picture). Moreover, thedisplay apparatus may purposely ignore the reference relationshipbetween pictures and coarsely decode all B and P pictures as forwardreference pictures, and then perform normal decoding as the number ofpictures received over time increases.

[Autonomous Driving]

When transmitting and receiving still image or video data such two- orthree-dimensional map information for autonomous driving or assisteddriving of an automobile, the reception terminal may receive, inaddition to image data belonging to one or more layers, information on,for example, the weather or road construction as metadata, and associatethe metadata with the image data upon decoding. Note that metadata maybe assigned per layer and, alternatively, may simply be multiplexed withthe image data.

In such a case, since the automobile, drone, airplane, etc., includingthe reception terminal is mobile, the reception terminal can seamlesslyreceive and decode while switching between base stations among basestations ex106 through ex110 by transmitting information indicating theposition of the reception terminal upon reception request. Moreover, inaccordance with the selection made by the user, the situation of theuser, or the bandwidth of the connection, the reception terminal candynamically select to what extent the metadata is received or to whatextent the map information, for example, is updated.

With this, in content providing system ex100, the client can receive,decode, and reproduce, in real time, encoded information transmitted bythe user.

[Streaming of Individual Content]

In content providing system ex100, in addition to high image quality,long content distributed by a video distribution entity, unicast ormulticast streaming of low image quality, short content from anindividual is also possible. Moreover, such content from individuals islikely to further increase in popularity. The server may first performediting processing on the content before the encoding processing inorder to refine the individual content. This may be achieved with, forexample, the following configuration.

In real-time while capturing video or image content or after the contenthas been captured and accumulated, the server performs recognitionprocessing based on the raw or encoded data, such as capture errorprocessing, scene search processing, meaning analysis, and/or objectdetection processing. Then, based on the result of the recognitionprocessing, the server-either when prompted or automatically-edits thecontent, examples of which include: correction such as focus and/ormotion blur correction; removing low-priority scenes such as scenes thatare low in brightness compared to other pictures or out of focus; objectedge adjustment; and color tone adjustment. The server encodes theedited data based on the result of the editing. It is known thatexcessively long videos tend to receive fewer views. Accordingly, inorder to keep the content within a specific length that scales with thelength of the original video, the server may, in addition to thelow-priority scenes described above, automatically clip out scenes withlow movement based on an image processing result. Alternatively, theserver may generate and encode a video digest based on a result of ananalysis of the meaning of a scene.

Note that there are instances in which individual content may includecontent that infringes a copyright, moral right, portrait rights, etc.Such an instance may lead to an unfavorable situation for the creator,such as when content is shared beyond the scope intended by the creator.Accordingly, before encoding, the server may, for example, edit imagesso as to blur faces of people in the periphery of the screen or blur theinside of a house, for example. Moreover, the server may be configuredto recognize the faces of people other than a registered person inimages to be encoded, and when such faces appear in an image, forexample, apply a mosaic filter to the face of the person. Alternatively,as pre- or post-processing for encoding, the user may specify, forcopyright reasons, a region of an image including a person or a regionof the background be processed, and the server may process the specifiedregion by, for example, replacing the region with a different image orblurring the region. If the region includes a person, the person may betracked in the moving picture the head region may be replaced withanother image as the person moves.

Moreover, since there is a demand for real-time viewing of contentproduced by individuals, which tends to be small in data size, thedecoding device first receives the base layer as the highest priorityand performs decoding and reproduction, although this may differdepending on bandwidth. When the content is reproduced two or moretimes, such as when the decoding device receives the enhancement layerduring decoding and reproduction of the base layer and loops thereproduction, the decoding device may reproduce a high image qualityvideo including the enhancement layer. If the stream is encoded usingsuch scalable encoding, the video may be low quality when in anunselected state or at the start of the video, but it can offer anexperience in which the image quality of the stream progressivelyincreases in an intelligent manner. This is not limited to just scalableencoding; the same experience can be offered by configuring a singlestream from a low quality stream reproduced for the first time and asecond stream encoded using the first stream as a reference.

Other Usage Examples

The encoding and decoding may be performed by LSI ex500, which istypically included in each terminal. LSI ex500 may be configured of asingle chip or a plurality of chips. Software for encoding and decodingmoving pictures may be integrated into some type of a recording medium(such as a CD-ROM, a flexible disk, or a hard disk) that is readable by,for example, computer ex111, and the encoding and decoding may beperformed using the software. Furthermore, when smartphone ex115 isequipped with a camera, the video data obtained by the camera may betransmitted. In this case, the video data is coded by LSI ex500 includedin smartphone ex115.

Note that LSI ex500 may be configured to download and activate anapplication. In such a case, the terminal first determines whether it iscompatible with the scheme used to encode the content or whether it iscapable of executing a specific service. When the terminal is notcompatible with the encoding scheme of the content or when the terminalis not capable of executing a specific service, the terminal firstdownloads a codec or application software then obtains and reproducesthe content.

Aside from the example of content providing system ex100 that usesinternet ex101, at least the moving picture encoding device (imageencoding device) or the moving picture decoding device (image decodingdevice) described in the above embodiments may be implemented in adigital broadcasting system. The same encoding processing and decodingprocessing may be applied to transmit and receive broadcast radio wavessuperimposed with multiplexed audio and video data using, for example, asatellite, even though this is geared toward multicast whereas unicastis easier with content providing system ex100.

[Hardware Configuration]

FIG. 44 illustrates smartphone ex115. FIG. 45 illustrates aconfiguration example of smartphone ex115. Smartphone ex115 includesantenna ex450 for transmitting and receiving radio waves to and frombase station ex110, camera ex465 capable of capturing video and stillimages, and display ex458 that displays decoded data, such as videocaptured by camera ex465 and video received by antenna ex450. Smartphoneex115 further includes user interface ex466 such as a touch panel, audiooutput unit ex457 such as a speaker for outputting speech or otheraudio, audio input unit ex456 such as a microphone for audio input,memory ex467 capable of storing decoded data such as captured video orstill images, recorded audio, received video or still images, and mail,as well as decoded data, and slot ex464 which is an interface for SIMex468 for authorizing access to a network and various data. Note thatexternal memory may be used instead of memory ex467.

Moreover, main controller ex460 which comprehensively controls displayex458 and user interface ex466, power supply circuit ex461, userinterface input controller ex462, video signal processor ex455, camerainterface ex463, display controller ex459, modulator/demodulator ex452,multiplexer/demultiplexer ex453, audio signal processor ex454, slotex464, and memory ex467 are connected via bus ex470.

When the user turns the power button of power supply circuit ex461 on,smartphone ex115 is powered on into an operable state by each componentbeing supplied with power from a battery pack.

Smartphone ex115 performs processing for, for example, calling and datatransmission, based on control performed by main controller ex460, whichincludes a CPU, ROM, and RAM. When making calls, an audio signalrecorded by audio input unit ex456 is converted into a digital audiosignal by audio signal processor ex454, and this is applied with spreadspectrum processing by modulator/demodulator ex452 and digital-analogconversion and frequency conversion processing by transmitter/receiverex451, and then transmitted via antenna ex450. The received data isamplified, frequency converted, and analog-digital converted, inversespread spectrum processed by modulator/demodulator ex452, converted intoan analog audio signal by audio signal processor ex454, and then outputfrom audio output unit ex457. In data transmission mode, text,still-image, or video data is transmitted by main controller ex460 viauser interface input controller ex462 as a result of operation of, forexample, user interface ex466 of the main body, and similar transmissionand reception processing is performed. In data transmission mode, whensending a video, still image, or video and audio, video signal processorex455 compression encodes, via the moving picture encoding methoddescribed in the above embodiments, a video signal stored in memoryex467 or a video signal input from camera ex465, and transmits theencoded video data to multiplexer/demultiplexer ex453. Moreover, audiosignal processor ex454 encodes an audio signal recorded by audio inputunit ex456 while camera ex465 is capturing, for example, a video orstill image, and transmits the encoded audio data tomultiplexer/demultiplexer ex453. Multiplexer/demultiplexer ex453multiplexes the encoded video data and encoded audio data using apredetermined scheme, modulates and converts the data usingmodulator/demodulator (modulator/demodulator circuit) ex452 andtransmitter/receiver ex451, and transmits the result via antenna ex450.

When video appended in an email or a chat, or a video linked from a webpage, for example, is received, in order to decode the multiplexed datareceived via antenna ex450, multiplexer/demultiplexer ex453demultiplexes the multiplexed data to divide the multiplexed data into abitstream of video data and a bitstream of audio data, supplies theencoded video data to video signal processor ex455 via synchronous busex470, and supplies the encoded audio data to audio signal processorex454 via synchronous bus ex470. Video signal processor ex455 decodesthe video signal using a moving picture decoding method corresponding tothe moving picture encoding method described in the above embodiments,and video or a still image included in the linked moving picture file isdisplayed on display ex458 via display controller ex459. Moreover, audiosignal processor ex454 decodes the audio signal and outputs audio fromaudio output unit ex457. Note that since real-time streaming is becomingmore and more popular, there are instances in which reproduction of theaudio may be socially inappropriate depending on the user's environment.Accordingly, as an initial value, a configuration in which only videodata is reproduced, i.e., the audio signal is not reproduced, ispreferable. Audio may be synchronized and reproduced only when an input,such as when the user clicks video data, is received.

Although smartphone ex115 was used in the above example, threeimplementations are conceivable: a transceiver terminal including bothan encoding device and a decoding device; a transmitter terminalincluding only an encoding device: and a receiver terminal includingonly a decoding device. Further, in the description of the digitalbroadcasting system, an example is given in which multiplexed dataobtained as a result of video data being multiplexed with, for example,music data, is received or transmitted, but the multiplexed data may bevideo data multiplexed with data other than audio data, such as textdata related to the video. Moreover, the video data itself rather thanmultiplexed data maybe received or transmitted.

Although main controller ex460 including a CPU is described ascontrolling the encoding or decoding processes, terminals often includeGPUs. Accordingly, a configuration is acceptable in which a large areais processed at once by making use of the performance ability of the GPUvia memory shared by the CPU and GPU or memory including an address thatis managed so as to allow common usage by the CPU and GPU. This makes itpossible to shorten encoding time, maintain the real-time nature of thestream, and reduce delay. In particular, processing relating to motionestimation, deblocking filtering, sample adaptive offset (SAO), andtransformation/quantization can be effectively carried out by the GPUinstead of the CPU in units of, for example pictures, all at once.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The present disclosure can be applied to, for example, encoders thatencoded an image and decoders that decode an encoded image, such astelevisions, digital video recorders, car navigation systems, cellulartelephones, digital cameras, and digital video cameras.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A decoder, comprising: processing circuitry; andmemory connected to the processing circuitry, wherein, using the memory,the processing circuitry: parses, from a bitstream, one or moreparameters indicating a first region within a first picture; generatesthe first picture, the first picture including a plurality of regions,the plurality of regions including the first region and a second regiondifferent from the first region; and performs an inter predictionprocess on the first picture, and the inter prediction process includesa padding process in which first values of first pixels in the firstregion are replaced with second values of second pixels, the secondpixels being provided in the second region of the first picture.